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EC number: 274-798-6 | CAS number: 70714-66-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
No genetic toxicity data are available for DTPMP-xNH4, however, information is available for DTPMP-H and sodium salts of DTPMP. The use of read-across data between members of the category is in accordance with the rationale outlined in the read-across justification included in Section 13.
Gene mutation (Bacterial reverse mutation assay / Ames test): DTPMP-7Na was negative with and without activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA 1535, TA 1538 and E. coli WP2 uvrA (OECD Test Guideline 471 and in compliance with GLP) (Japan Oilstuff Inspectors Corporation, 2001a).
Gene mutation (Bacterial reverse mutation assay / Ames test): DTPMP -H was negative with and without activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA 1535, TA 1538 and E. coli WP2 uvrA (OECD TG 471) (BMI Inc, 2003).
Mutagenicity in mammalian cells: DTPMP was negative in Chinese hamster ovary cells (similar to OECD TG 476) (Pharmakon Research International, 1984).
Mutagenicity in mammalian cells: read-across from DTPMP-xNa; negative in mouse lymphoma L5278Y cells (similar to OECD Test Guideline 476 and in compliance with GLP) (Central Toxicology Laboratory, 1997).
Mutagenicity in mammalian cells: DTPMP-H was negative in Chinese hamster ovary cells (similar to OECD TG 476) (Microbiological Associates, 1983).
Mutagenicity in mammalian cells: DTPMP-H was negative in L5178Y cells (similar to OECD TG 476) (SRI International, 1983).
Cytogenicity in mammalian cells: DTPMP-7Na was positive in Chinese hamster lung CHL/IU cells (OECD Test Guideline and in compliance with GLP 473) (Japan Oilstuff Inspectors Corporation, 2001b).
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 15-Jun-2001 to 18-Sep-2001
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Japanese Guidelines on Industrial Chemicals
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
- Target gene:
- not applicable
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mammalian cell line, other: CHL/IU (originally derived from female Chinese hamster lung)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: Eagle's minimum essential medium
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: no data - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbital- and 5,6-benzoflavone-induced male rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 625-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (pulse treatment)
150-3000 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (24-hour continuous treatment)
50-400 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (48-hour continuous treatment) - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: saline
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: solubility of test substance in water - Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9, 0.1 µg/ml (pulse treatment), 0.03 µg/ml (continuous treatment)
- Positive control substance:
- mitomycin C
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- with S9, 15 µg/ml (pulse treatment)
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Exposure duration: pulse treatment 6 hours; continuous treatment, 24 or 48 hours
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): pulse treatment 24 hours; continuous treatment 24 or 48 hours
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): colcemid, 0.1 µg/ml, 2 hours
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): Giemsa
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: duplicate cultures
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 100 cells /culture, 2 cultures/treatment
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: other: cell density after crystal violet staining
OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: yes
- Determination of endoreplication: yes
- Other: mitotic index - Evaluation criteria:
- Negative: both the incidence of aberrant cells (excluding gaps) and that of numerical aberrations <5%
Inconclusive: either of these incidences is 5-10%
Positive: either of these incidences >10% - Statistics:
- None
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- mammalian cell line, other: CHL/IU
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- pulse treatment ( 6 and 24 hour exposure)
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=2500 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (pulse treatment),
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- mammalian cell line, other: CHL/IU
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- 48 hour treatment
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=50 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (48-hour continuous treatment)
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: no data
- Effects of osmolality: no data
- Evaporation from medium: no data
- Water solubility: soluble in water
- Precipitation: no precipitation observed
- Other confounding effects: no data
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
- No, but cell survival was evaluated at 156-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/ml (pulse treatment, 24-hour continuous treatment and 48-hour continuous treatment) and the data used to determine the concentrations that were to be evaluated for chromosome aberrations
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: no data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: Cell survival:
- Pulse treatment -S9, µg mixed sodium salts/ml: 156 (109%), 313 (109%), 625 (97%), 1250 (96%), 2500 (76%), 5000 (58%)
- Pulse treatment +S9, µg mixed sodium salts/ml: 156 (98%), 313 (104%), 625 (103%), 1250 (108%), 2500 (102%), 5000 (77%)
- 24-hour continuous treatment -S9, µg mixed sodium salts/ml: 156 (115%), 313 (81%), 625 (47%), 1250 (37%), 2500 (19%), 5000 (0%)
- 48-hour continuous treatment -S9, µg mixed sodium salts/ml: 156 (50%), 313 (25%), 625 (7%), 1250 (5%), 2500 (1%), 5000 (0%) - Conclusions:
- In a reliable in vitro chromosome aberration assay, conducted according to OECD guideline 473 and in compliance with GLP, a dose-related increase in the number of cells with aberrations was observed after 48 hours treatment.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 02-Jul-2001 to 26-Jul-2001
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (only 2-AA used as positive control +S9)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Japanese Guidelines on Industrial Chemicals
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial gene mutation assay
- Target gene:
- histidine (Salmonella typhimurium)
tryptophan (Escherichia coli) - Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbital- and 5,6-benzoflavone-induced rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Test 1-1: 78-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9, 156-5000 µg/plate +S9
Test 1-2: 20-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9 for S typhimurium
Test 2: 20-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9 for S typhimurium, 78-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9 for E coli, 156-5000 µg mixed sodium salts/plate +S9
20-5000ug/plate -S9; 156-5000ug/plate +S9 - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: solubility - Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9; TA98, 0.1 µg/plate; TA100, 0.01 µg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- furylfuramide
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9 ; TA1535, 0.5 µg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9; TA1537, 80 µg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9, WP2 uvrA, 2 µg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- with S9; TA98, 0.5 µg/plate; TA100, 1 µg/plate; TA1535, TA1537, 2 µg/plate; WP2 uvrA, 10 µg/plate
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 min
- Exposure duration: 48 hours
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: triplicate plates
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: other: growth inhibition - Evaluation criteria:
- Posltive: mean number of revertant colonies more than double the negatlve control value and signlflcant concentration-dependent Increase
- Statistics:
- No statistical analysis performed
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >= 625 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >= 625 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >= 625 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >= 625 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=1250 µg mixed sodium salts/plate -S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: no data
- Effects of osmolality: no data
- Evaporation from medium: no data
- Water solubility: soluble in water
- Precipitation: no precipitation observed
- Other confounding effects: no data
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
- Concentrations of 5-5000 µg/plate
- No growth inhibition in any strain
- Bacteriostatics observed at 1250 µg/plate -S9 in all strains
- No precipitation
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
- Negative/solvent control: within the range of historical data
- Positive controls: within the range of historical data - Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted according to OECD guideline 471, no genotoxicity was seen in a bacterial mutagenicity assay. The study was performed in compliance with GLP.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 14-Jan-2003 to 17-Jan-2003
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Standards for mutagenicity tests using microorganisms (Notification no. 77, 1988, and Notification no. 67, 1997); Amendment of the reporting form of the results of the mutagenicity tests using microorganisms (Notification no. 653, 1997)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (only duplicate plates used)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Japanese guideline notification no. 76
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbital- and 5,6-benzoflavone-induced male rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 10, 20, 39, 78, 156, 313, 625, 1250 µg/plate
- Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: test substance supplied in water - Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- furylfuramide
- Remarks:
- -S9; TA100, WP2 uvrA, 0.01 µg/plate; TA98, 0.1 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Remarks:
- -S9; TA1535, 0.5 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: ICR-191 (2-Methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine.2HCl
- Remarks:
- -S9; TA1537, 1.0 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Remarks:
- +S9; TA100, TA98, TA1537, 5 µg/plate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene
- Remarks:
- +S9; TA1535, 2 µg/plate; WP2 uvrA, 10 µg/plate
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 min
- Exposure duration: 48 hours
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: duplicate plates
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: other: growth inhibition - Evaluation criteria:
- "If the number of revertant colonies on the test plates increased significantly in comparison with that on the control plates (based on twice as many as that of the negative control), and dose-response and reproducibility were also observed, the test substance was judged positive."
- Statistics:
- Not done
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=313 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=313 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=313 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=313 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- >=625 µg/plate
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: no data
- Effects of osmolality: no data
- Evaporation from medium: no data
- Water solubility: test substance supplied as a solution in water
- Precipitation: no precipitate seen
- Other confounding effects: no data
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
- Concentrations tested: 1.2, 4.9, 20, 78, 313, 1250, 5000 µg/plate without S9
- Growth inhibition in all S. typhimurium TA strains at 313 µg/plate and above and in WP2 uvrA at 1250 µg/plate and above
- No precipitate
- Highest concentrations selected for the main test: 313 µg/plate for all S. typhimurium TA strains and 1250 µg/plate for WP2 uvrA
- Other concentrations obtained by 1:2 dilutions to provide 6 concentrations for each strain
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: no data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: no data - Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted to Japanese guidelines on mutagenicity tests (notification nos. 77 and 653), no genotoxicity was seen in a bacterial mutagenicity assay at up to 1250 µg/plate. The study was performed in compliance with Japanese guideline notification no. 76.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 23-Aug-1983 to 16-Nov-1983
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: no data
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: yes - Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor-induced rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 1.2 - 20 µl/ml in absence of S9 and 3 - 10 µl/ml in presence of S9.
- Vehicle / solvent:
- The solubility of the test article was determined in Acetone, DMSO, Ethanol and water, and water was selected at the solvent of choice.
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- ethylmethanesulphonate
- Remarks:
- without S9; 1.0 and 0.5 µl/ml
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene
- Remarks:
- with S9; 7.5 and 5 µg/ml
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Agar plate method used to investigate effect of different expression periods and whether test compound allowed selective growth of pre-existing mutants.
ADMINISTRATION Toxicity determined by relative suspension growth. Cells cleansed of mutants before mutation study. Cultures exposed to test substance for 4 hours in presence and absence of S9 mix.
Expression periods of 0, 2 and 6 days used.
Test performed on a single occasion, using triplicate plates for mutation and viability. 3 µg/ml trifluorothymidine used as selective agent. Total of 3 x 10E+06 cells plated for mutation frequency and 600 cells for viability plates.
Incubated for 10-12 days. - Statistics:
- Dose-response assessed by ANOVA on transformed data. Test groups compared to controls on transformed data using 1-tailed students t-test.
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- Results reported to be positive but the increase in mutant frequency was less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so reviewer considers results are negative by currently accepted criteria.
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 50 µl/ml -S9; 10 µl/ml +S9
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD standard guideline 476 and in compliance with GLP, mutagenicity was reported in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells when tested to the limit of toxicity in the presence of metabolic activation. However, the increases in mutant frequency were less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 31-Aug-1983 to 08-Feb-1984
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Remarks:
- inadequacies with respect to concentrations of submission substance tested
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (some omissions from study report with respect to test system itself)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: F12
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: no data - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- other: CHO-K1-BH4
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 preparation at 2%
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 3000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 µg Dequest 2060/ml
- Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: none (test substance diluted in F12 culture medium)
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- F12 culture medium only
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- no
- Remarks:
- test substance diluted in F12 culture medium
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- ethylmethanesulphonate
- Remarks:
- 200 µg/ml without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- F12 culture medium only
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- no
- Remarks:
- test substance diluted in F12 culture medium
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- N-dimethylnitrosamine
- Remarks:
- 100 µg/ml with metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 5 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 19 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 7 days
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): 6-thioguanine
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: triplicate
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: cloning efficiency - Evaluation criteria:
- To be considered positive if:
a) The mean mutation frequencies of at least one of the 3 highest test article concentrations, with a mean survival rate of at least 10% are significantly
greater than that of the solvent control (p<=0.01 based on pooled inter-group variance); and,
b) The change in mean mutation frequency with increasing test article concentration exhibits a significant (p<=0.01) linear component of the dose-response relationship up to a maximum toxicity level of 90%."
To be considered negative if:
a) None of the mean mutation frequencies of any of the 3 highest test article concentrations with a mean survival rate of at least 10% are significantly
greater than that of the solvent control (p<=0.01) and,
b) The change in mean mutation frequency with increasing test article concentration does not exhibit a statistically significant (p<=0.01) linear
component of the dose-response relationship up to a maximum toxicity level of 90%. - Statistics:
- Statistical analysis: Students t-test for group mean comparison and ANOVA on transformed data (performed on second test only).
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Relative survival at 8000 µg/ml: -S9 65%, +S9 44%
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS: no data
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: Preliminary test to establish optimum level of S9 preparation
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: no data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: Two preliminary cytotoxicity tests were performed
1. no cytotoxicity at up to 1000 µg/ml with up to 10% S9 preparation
2. 84% survival at 6000 µg/ml in the absence of S9; 58, 62, 44 and 52% survival at 6000 µg/ml in the presence of 1, 2, 5 and 10% S9 preparation - Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted using a protocol similar to the OECD guideline 476, no evidence of mutagenic potential was detected in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system in an assay evaluating mutation at the HGPRT locus. The study was performed in compliance with GLP.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- not tested without metabolic activation
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (not tested without metabolic activation)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: Fischer's medium for leukemic cells of mice
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: no data - Metabolic activation:
- with
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor 1254-induced male rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Final concentrations tested were 500, 1000, 1250 and 1500 µl/ml of the 50% solution, equivalent to 350, 700, 875 and 1050 µg/ml of 158-276-08
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 3-methylcholanthrene
- Remarks:
- +S9, 5 µg/ml
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Remarks:
- reviewer considers result to be negative when assessed by currently accepted criteria
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- > 1500 µl/ml
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- A study was conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 476 and in compliance with GLP in order to evaluate the possiblity that the mutagenicity reported in an earlier study (Mitchell, 1983) was not an artefact of pH. The neutralised test substance was tested in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells tested to the limit of toxicity in the presence of metabolic activation. The study authors reported that the result was positive in the presence of metabolic activation. However, the increases in mutant frequency were less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 17-Jan-1997 to 25-Feb-1997
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The test substance was not tested up to the maximum concentration required by guideline.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (not tested to maximum concentration required by guideline)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
- Target gene:
- thymidine kinase
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: RPMI-1640
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: yes
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: no data - Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- phenobarbital- and beta-naphthoflavone-induced male rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Phase 1: 266-2128 µg active acid/ml
Phase 2: 265-2121 µg active acid/ml - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: test substance supplied in water - Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- without S9; 750 µg active acid/ml
- Positive control substance:
- ethylmethanesulphonate
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- with S9; 3 µg active acid/ml
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 4 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): no data
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): trifluorothymidine
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: duplicate cultures
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: other: cell growth - Evaluation criteria:
- - Criteria for a positive response: a statistically significant, dose related increase in mutant frequency is required, but not only at concentrations eliciting excessive toxicity. An associated absolute increase in mutant number above the solvent control values is a further requirement. Such a response must be reproducible in an independent experiment for the test substance to be described as positive in this assay.
- CrIteria for a negative response: A negative response is obtained when there is no reproducible statistically significant dose related increase in mutant frequency. When reproducible significant increases in mutant frequency are seen only at levels of excessive toxicity, or when such increases are not accompanied by an increase in absolute numbers of mutants over solvent control values, then the effect is considered not to be indicative of a positive response in this assay. - Statistics:
- - If considered necessary, the data are considered by logit regression, using a complimentary log-log link function. The dependent variable is the number of empty wells. This procedure provided maximum likelihood estimates of log mutant frequencies. Variances are inflated by the between duplicate heterogeneity factor.
- Tests for trend in log mutant frequency with actual concentration are obtained separately for each experiment, in the presence and absence of S9-mix. In addition, an overall test for trend combining data across experiments is performed.
- Intergroup comparisons of log mutant frequency comparing each treated group with the solvent control are performed within each experiment. In addition, tests for trend in log mutant frequency with actual concentration are obtained both within each experiment and combined across all experiments.
- All tests are one-sided. Similar analyses are carried out separately for the positive controls. - Key result
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: test solutions neutralised to ~pH7
- Effects of osmolality: "higher concentrations [than 2200 µg mixed sodium salts/ml] produced excessive increases (up to 70 mM/kg) in the osmolality of the treatment medium. Such increases in osmolality have been associated with artefactual responses in genotoxicity assays ... and these concentrations were therefore considered not to be appropriate for testing."
- Evaporation from medium: no data
- Water solubility: soluble in water
- Precipitation: no data
- Other confounding effects: no data
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: no data
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: no data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: - Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted according to OECD guideline 476, no genotoxicity was seen in an in vitro mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell mutagenicity assay in the presence or absence of S9. However, the highest concentration selected for testing was below the maximum required by the guideline. The study was performed in compliance with GLP.
Referenceopen allclose all
Full details of the results from the 48 hours treatment (result reported as positive) are not presented in the study report. A graph of the results indicates that the incidence of cells with structural aberrations was 2.5% at 50 µg/ml; 5% at 100; 15% at 150; 37% at 200 and 49% at 300 µg/ml.
Table 1 Chromosome aberration test - treatment time 6 hours
Concentration µg/ml |
+/- S9 mix |
No. of cells analyzed |
Chromatid breaks |
Chromatid exchanges |
No. of cells with aberrations (%) |
No. of cells with gaps |
Cell growth index (%) |
Polyploid cells |
Control |
- |
200 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
100 |
0 |
625 |
- |
200 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
98 |
0 |
1250 |
- |
200 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
91 |
0 |
2500 |
- |
200 |
6 |
1 |
7 |
4 |
71 |
2 |
5000 |
- |
200 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
41 |
0 |
Positive control |
- |
200 |
54 |
121 |
139 |
1 |
- |
0 |
Control |
+ |
200 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
625 |
+ |
200 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
91 |
0 |
1250 |
+ |
200 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
95 |
0 |
2500 |
+ |
200 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
0 |
99 |
0 |
5000 |
+ |
200 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
67 |
0 |
Positive control |
+ |
200 |
7 |
42 |
46 |
1 |
- |
0 |
Chromosome aberration test - treatment time 24 hours
Concentration µg/ml |
+/- S9 mix |
No. of cells analyzed |
Chromatid breaks |
Chromatid exchanges |
No. of cells with aberrations (%) |
No. of cells with gaps |
Cell growth index (%) |
Polyploid cells |
Control |
- |
200 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
100 |
0 |
4.7 |
- |
200 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
101 |
0 |
9.4 |
- |
200 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
102 |
0 |
18.8 |
- |
200 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
104 |
0 |
37.5 |
- |
200 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
0 |
107 |
0 |
75 |
- |
200 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
103 |
0 |
150 |
- |
200 |
8 |
0 |
8 |
2 |
113 |
0 |
300 |
- |
- |
TOXIC |
|||||
Positive control |
- |
200 |
30 |
30 |
58 |
0 |
- |
0 |
Control |
+ |
200 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
50 |
+ |
200 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
0 |
99 |
0 |
100 |
+ |
200 |
7 |
4 |
11 |
2 |
68 |
0 |
150 |
+ |
200 |
31 |
9 |
34 |
0 |
57 |
0 |
200 |
+ |
200 |
67 |
9 |
74 |
1 |
43 |
0 |
300 |
+ |
200 |
87 |
10 |
97 |
2 |
20 |
0 |
400 |
+ |
- |
TOXIC |
|||||
Positive control |
+ |
200 |
47 |
56 |
86 |
0 |
- |
0 |
All treated cultures had less than 2-fold increase in mutant frequency and no evidence of a dose-response. All positive controls gave a greater than 2-fold increase in mutant numbers.
Table 1 Experiment 1 Mean number of revertants (average of 3 plates)
Concentration (µg/plate) |
+/- S9 mix |
TA 100 |
TA 1535 |
WP2uvrA |
TA 98 |
TA 1537 |
Control |
- |
102 |
10 |
23 |
14 |
7 |
78 |
- |
102 |
8 |
21 |
16 |
9 |
156 |
- |
88 |
7 |
18 |
16 |
6 |
313 |
- |
71 |
5 |
18 |
8 |
1 |
625 |
- |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
1250 |
- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2500 |
- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5000 |
- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Positive control |
- |
528 |
422 |
631 |
559 |
194 |
Control |
+ |
111 |
11 |
25 |
24 |
6 |
156 |
+ |
133 |
11 |
30 |
24 |
10 |
313 |
+ |
148 |
11 |
21 |
22 |
6 |
625 |
+ |
140 |
9 |
23 |
17 |
6 |
1250 |
+ |
122 |
6 |
21 |
11 |
3 |
2500 |
+ |
108 |
4 |
15 |
9 |
3 |
5000 |
+ |
98 |
5 |
9 |
8 |
2 |
Positive control |
+ |
501 |
260 |
648 |
446 |
154 |
Mean number or revertants 16-19.07.2001 |
Table 2 Experiment 2 Mean number of revertants (average of 3 plates)
Concentration (µg/plate) |
+/- S9 mix |
TA 100 |
TA 1535 |
WP2uvrA |
TA 98 |
TA 1537 |
Control |
- |
104 |
11 |
- |
16 |
7 |
20 |
- |
101 |
6 |
- |
16 |
8 |
39 |
- |
94 |
8 |
- |
12 |
8 |
78 |
- |
106 |
8 |
- |
14 |
8 |
156 |
- |
97 |
9 |
- |
14 |
5 |
313 |
- |
81 |
6 |
- |
14 |
4 |
1250 |
- |
0 |
0 |
- |
0 |
0 |
5000 |
- |
0 |
0 |
- |
0 |
0 |
Positive control |
- |
522 |
411 |
- |
604 |
211 |
Table 3 Experiment 3 Mean number of revertants (average of 3 plates)
Concentration (µg/plate) |
+/- S9 mix |
TA 100 |
TA 1535 |
WP2uvrA |
TA 98 |
TA 1537 |
Control |
- |
99 |
8 |
20 |
21 |
7 |
20 |
- |
105 |
10 |
- |
18 |
7 |
39 |
- |
107 |
11 |
- |
19 |
6 |
78 |
- |
110 |
10 |
22 |
19 |
6 |
156 |
- |
103 |
11 |
14 |
17 |
7 |
313 |
- |
86 |
8 |
16 |
15 |
4 |
625 |
- |
- |
- |
13 |
- |
- |
1250 |
- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2500 |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
- |
- |
5000 |
- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Positive control |
- |
510 |
419 |
655 |
601 |
183 |
Control |
+ |
127 |
10 |
21 |
23 |
8 |
156 |
+ |
130 |
9 |
29 |
26 |
9 |
313 |
+ |
132 |
12 |
17 |
19 |
7 |
625 |
+ |
127 |
12 |
22 |
18 |
6 |
1250 |
+ |
114 |
8 |
15 |
14 |
7 |
2500 |
+ |
119 |
6 |
13 |
6 |
3 |
5000 |
+ |
103 |
6 |
12 |
3 |
2 |
Positive control |
+ |
679 |
304 |
758 |
517 |
152 |
Table 1 Dose finding experiment: Revertants per plate (mean of two plates)
Concentration (µg/plate) |
TA 100 |
TA 1535 |
WP2 uvrA |
TA 98 |
TA 1537 |
|||||
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
|
0 |
134 |
128 |
23 |
14 |
19 |
27 |
18 |
39 |
16 |
23 |
1.2 |
137 |
131 |
21 |
13 |
20 |
30 |
19 |
35 |
16 |
26 |
4.9 |
127 |
142 |
18 |
16 |
24 |
26 |
16 |
33 |
17 |
22 |
20 |
114 |
127 |
28 |
16 |
20 |
34 |
18 |
32 |
19 |
17 |
78 |
132 |
130 |
18 |
13 |
29 |
30 |
18 |
31 |
14 |
22 |
313 |
46* |
114 |
8* |
8 |
21 |
18 |
11* |
20 |
5* |
12 |
1250 |
0* |
125* |
0* |
4* |
0* |
17* |
0* |
10* |
0* |
4* |
5000 |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
0* |
Positive control |
486 |
842 |
461 |
344 |
135 |
595 |
511 |
226 |
1767 |
82 |
* The growth inhibition of tested bacterium by the test substance was observed.
Table 2 Main experiment: Revertants per plate (mean of two plates)
Concentration (µg/plate) |
TA 100 |
TA 1535 |
WP2 uvrA |
TA 98 |
TA 1537 |
|||||
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
-MA |
+MA |
|
0 |
117 |
137 |
17 |
13 |
27 |
26 |
17 |
43 |
8 |
22 |
10 |
137 |
NT |
21 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
15 |
NT |
9 |
NT |
20 |
124 |
NT |
15 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
21 |
NT |
11 |
NT |
39 |
124 |
125 |
9 |
11 |
22 |
27 |
22 |
37 |
9 |
23 |
78 |
125 |
136 |
15 |
10 |
27 |
31 |
11 |
37 |
12 |
15 |
156 |
116 |
133 |
16 |
17 |
20 |
26 |
17 |
39 |
6* |
13 |
313 |
50* |
115 |
6* |
9 |
16 |
19 |
11* |
32 |
6* |
12 |
625 |
NT |
106* |
NT |
4* |
10* |
21 |
NT |
23* |
NT |
5* |
1250 |
NT |
108* |
NT |
2* |
0* |
13* |
NT |
3* |
NT |
5* |
Positive control |
496 |
810 |
451 |
321 |
160 |
563 |
588 |
200 |
1739 |
69 |
* The growth inhibition of tested bacterium by the test substance was observed.
The report authors concluded that the results were positive at the standard day 2 expression time in the presence of S9 but not at day 0 or day 6. The increases in mutant frequency were less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria. It is concluded by the reviewer that the results should be considered negative.
The top dose
plated of 10 µl/ml gave a relative total growth of 24% and a
mutant frequency of 133 x 10e-6 compared to a control
frequency of 55 x 10e-6. Negative response in the absence
of S9 on day 0 and day 6. Day 2 response in absence of S9
was inconclusive since a statistically significant dose
response was seen but the mutant frequency was not
significantly greater than the control value (63 x 10E-06 for
the top dose at a relative total growth of 21% v 40 x 10E-06
in controls). The positive control in the absence of S9,
EMS, was positive at day 2 and day 6 expression time and
inconclusive at day 0. The positive control in the presence
of S9, DMBA, was only positive at the standard day 2
expression time.
Dequest 2060 at pH7.0. No details in report. Assumed dosing was in terms of aqueous solution and doses have not been converted to total solids in this entry.
Table 1 Mutant frequency (without metabolic activation
Concentration |
Day 0 |
Day 2 |
Day 6 |
|||
MF* |
%TG** |
MF* |
%TG** |
MF* |
%TG** |
|
20 |
1.4 |
1 |
++ |
0.7 |
5 |
|
0.4 |
7 |
++ |
0.6 |
4 |
||
1.2 |
0 |
++ |
0.5 |
2 |
||
17.2 |
0.3 |
8 |
0.6 |
25 |
0.6 |
2 |
0.2 |
3 |
0.6 |
30 |
0.5 |
27 |
|
0.2 |
6 |
0.7 |
7 |
0.6 |
12 |
|
14.8 |
0.3 |
0 |
0.6 |
47 |
0.5 |
9 |
0.4 |
3 |
0.6 |
19 |
0.5 |
78 |
|
0.3 |
20 |
++ |
0.5 |
34 |
||
11.9 |
0.2 |
30 |
0.6 |
36 |
0.4 |
90 |
0.3 |
27 |
0.6 |
61 |
0.5 |
77 |
|
0.3 |
26 |
0.5 |
66 |
0.6 |
84 |
|
9.4 |
0 |
51 |
0.5 |
50 |
0.6 |
74 |
0.3 |
31 |
0.4 |
54 |
0.5 |
73 |
|
0.2 |
41 |
0.5 |
68 |
0.4 |
71 |
|
6.4 |
0.3 |
46 |
0.3 |
66 |
0.6 |
70 |
0.2 |
60 |
0.5 |
52 |
0.6 |
69 |
|
0.2 |
50 |
0.4 |
44 |
0.6 |
60 |
|
3.6 |
0.1 |
63 |
0.4 |
87 |
0.4 |
73 |
0.2 |
52 |
0.2 |
72 |
0.7 |
64 |
|
0.2 |
56 |
0.4 |
74 |
0.6 |
53 |
|
1.2 |
0.2 |
89 |
0.4 |
105 |
0.5 |
129 |
0.2 |
90 |
0.4 |
138 |
0.7 |
108 |
|
0.3 |
91 |
0.4 |
149 |
0.8 |
105 |
|
0 |
0.2 |
- |
0.5 |
- |
0.6 |
- |
0.2 |
- |
0.4 |
- |
0.9 |
- |
MF* Mutant frequency per 10 E+04 cells
%TG** % total growth
++ Too toxic to clone
Table 2 Mutant frequency (with metabolic activation)
Concentration |
Day 0 |
Day 2 |
Day 6 |
|||
MF* |
%TG** |
MF* |
%TG** |
MF* |
%TG** |
|
10 |
1.7 |
3 |
1.3 |
20 |
1.1 |
42 |
0.4 |
14 |
1.5 |
24 |
1.1 |
63 |
|
0.7 |
10 |
1.2 |
27 |
0.9 |
50 |
|
9 |
0.5 |
31 |
0.7 |
64 |
1.1 |
102 |
0.3 |
47 |
0.7 |
83 |
0.5 |
134 |
|
0.4 |
41 |
0.7 |
75 |
0.7 |
130 |
|
8 |
0.4 |
40 |
0.8 |
76 |
0.8 |
115 |
0.6 |
28 |
0.7 |
77 |
0.7 |
113 |
|
0.5 |
46 |
0.8 |
74 |
0.7 |
125 |
|
7 |
0.4 |
65 |
0.7 |
83 |
0.9 |
119 |
0 |
58 |
0.7 |
83 |
0.7 |
156 |
|
0.5 |
34 |
0.8 |
71 |
1.1 |
104 |
|
6 |
0.4 |
60 |
0.6 |
83 |
0.6 |
134 |
0.4 |
60 |
0.6 |
91 |
0.7 |
143 |
|
0.7 |
17 |
0.8 |
81 |
0.8 |
129 |
|
5 |
0.5 |
60 |
0.6 |
86 |
0.8 |
80 |
0.3 |
74 |
0.6 |
70 |
1.1 |
80 |
|
0.3 |
75 |
0.6 |
74 |
1.1 |
64 |
|
4 |
0.3 |
77 |
0.5 |
87 |
1.1 |
69 |
0.4 |
78 |
0.6 |
81 |
1.1 |
58 |
|
0.3 |
78 |
0.6 |
69 |
1.1 |
83 |
|
3 |
0.4 |
79 |
0.5 |
83 |
1.2 |
75 |
0.4 |
89 |
0.4 |
84 |
1 |
91 |
|
0.4 |
86 |
0.5 |
87 |
1 |
82 |
|
0 |
0.3 |
- |
0.6 |
- |
0.9 |
- |
0.4 |
- |
0.5 |
- |
1 |
- |
MF* Mutant frequency per 10 E+04 cells
%TG** % total growth
Top dose is higher than the value of 5000 µg/ml normally considered the maximum for this test.
Note however this may represent the test solution as supplied, rather than the active acid.
Table 1 Preliminary mutagenicity assay - Dequest 2060 1% activation
Concentration µg/ml |
+/-S9 |
Post treatment survival |
Number of replicates |
Mutation frequency (Mutants/10x6) |
Solvent Control |
- |
97 |
2 |
1.7 |
- |
102 |
1 |
||
+ |
98 |
1 |
3.6 |
|
+ |
97 |
6 |
||
2500 |
- |
101 |
2 |
1.2 |
- |
99 |
0 |
||
6000 |
- |
76 |
2 |
2.4 |
- |
72 |
2 |
||
7500 |
- |
26 |
15 |
15.1 |
- |
24 |
14 |
||
2500 |
+ |
88 |
0 |
1.2 |
+ |
85 |
2 |
||
6000 |
+ |
71 |
2 |
2.6 |
+ |
49 |
3 |
||
7500 |
+ |
40 |
5 |
3.9 |
+ |
39 |
2 |
||
Positive control |
- |
60 |
193 |
325.2 |
- |
57 |
183 |
Table 2 Preliminary mutagenicity assay - Dequest 2060 2%, 5%, 10% activation
Concentration µg/ml |
+/-S9 |
Post treatment survival |
Number of replicates |
Mutation frequency (Mutants/10x6) |
Solvent Control |
- |
97 |
2 |
1.7 |
- |
102 |
1 |
||
+ |
100 |
5 |
6.1 |
|
+ |
95 |
6 |
||
2500 |
2% + |
85 |
0 |
1.9 |
2% + |
92 |
3 |
||
6000 |
2% + |
74 |
4 |
4.9 |
2% + |
76 |
5 |
||
7500 |
2% + |
36 |
12 |
10.2 |
2% + |
38 |
7 |
||
Positive control |
2% + |
19 |
126 |
298.4 |
2% + |
22 |
108 |
||
Solvent Control |
+ |
107 |
7 |
4.7 |
+ |
87 |
1 |
||
2500 |
5%+ |
77 |
2 |
2.6 |
5%+ |
81 |
3 |
||
6000 |
5%+ |
72 |
4 |
6 |
5%+ |
76 |
7 |
||
7500 |
5%+ |
33 |
6 |
9 |
5%+ |
35 |
9 |
||
Solvent Control |
+ |
102 |
1 |
2.6 |
+ |
91 |
4 |
||
2500 |
10%+ |
100 |
0 |
0 |
10%+ |
94 |
0 |
||
6000 |
10%+ |
72 |
7 |
9.5 |
10%+ |
63 |
8 |
||
7500 |
10%+ |
42 |
6 |
6.4 |
10%+ |
42 |
5 |
Table 3 Mammalian cell forward gene mutation assay
Concentration µg/ml |
+/-S9 |
Post treatment survival |
Number of replicates |
Mutation frequency (Mutants/10x6) |
Solvent Control |
- |
100.6. |
1 |
0.4 |
- |
99.4 |
0 |
||
- |
97.2 |
0 |
||
3000 |
- |
95 |
0 |
0 |
- |
107.2 |
0 |
||
- |
99.4 |
0 |
||
5000 |
- |
98.8 |
0 |
0 |
- |
103.5 |
0 |
||
- |
87.2 |
0 |
||
6000 |
- |
97.8 |
3 |
1.8 |
- |
99.3 |
0 |
||
- |
103.2 |
1 |
||
7000 |
- |
91.9 |
0 |
2.5 |
- |
71.2 |
6 |
||
- |
82.8 |
1 |
||
8000 |
- |
59.6 |
0 |
0.5 |
- |
70.3 |
1 |
||
- |
65.9 |
0 |
||
Positive control |
- |
69 |
129 |
310.3 |
- |
58.4 |
222 |
||
- |
57.3 |
216 |
||
Control |
+ |
103.2 |
0 |
2.6 |
+ |
102.1 |
4 |
||
+ |
93.2 |
2 |
||
3000 |
+ |
79.4 |
1 |
0.6 |
+ |
65.1 |
0 |
||
+ |
97.5 |
0 |
||
5000
|
+ |
86.4 |
0 |
6.4 |
+ |
84.5 |
12 |
||
+ |
62.8 |
2 |
||
6000 |
+ |
80.5 |
12 |
6.5 |
+ |
66.8 |
3 |
||
+ |
71.1 |
0 |
||
7000 |
+ |
48.9 |
0 |
6.5 |
+ |
54.3 |
14 |
||
+ |
52.6 |
1 |
||
8000 |
+ |
53.2 |
2 |
2.9 |
+ |
38.4 |
0 |
||
+ |
43.7 |
5 |
||
Positive control |
+ |
17.1 |
136 |
345 |
+ |
21 |
109 |
||
+ |
25.4 |
121 |
Mutations were induced by the test substance in a
dose-related manner (up to 4-fold control levels at the top
dose at a relative total growth of 27%). These were all
demonstrated to be stable by their growth on TFT plates
after suspension growth in the absence of TFT and no
thymidine kinase activity was detectable.
Concentration μg/ml |
Relative total growth (%) |
Mutation Frequency (x 10e-6) |
Solvent control |
100 |
34 |
Positive control |
48 |
249 |
0.35 |
88 |
49 |
0.7 |
70 |
77 |
0.875 |
68 |
111 |
1.05 |
27 |
157 |
No increases in mutant frequency were seen in any of the
tests and it was not considered necessary to conduct
statistical analysis. All the positive control cultures had
elevated mutant frequencies as expected.
The maximum concentration tested was 2200 µg/ml. Higher
concentrations were claimed to give excessively high
osmolarity, although the values given for 4256 and 4242µg/ml in subsequent tests only resulted in increases to 354
and 334 mOsm/kg respectively. Since no increases in mutant
frequency were seen in the first test at a dose producing 330
mOsm/kg it could be argued that the dose of 4242 could
have been tested. All concentrations below 5000 µg/ml are
<10 mM, the upper limit defined by OECD for this assay. A
toxicity limit was not reached in these tests - top levels
had >75% survival. Therefore the upper limit
defined for this assay was not reached.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (positive)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Description of key information
No in vivo genetic toxicity data are available for DTPMP-xNH4, however, information is available for DTPMP-H. The use of read-across data between members of the category is in accordance with the rationale outlined in the read-across justification included in Section 13.
Bone marrow chromosome study in rats (oral gavage administration): DTPMP-H was negative (similar to OECD TG 475)
According to ECHA decision number CCH-D-2ii4495836-29-01/F, an in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay with the registered substance DTPMP 5-7 Na-salt is currently being conducted according to OECD 489 and in compliance with GLP. When the study is completed, the substance will be updated accordingly.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / bone marrow chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 15-Aug-1983 to 04-Nov-1983
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- There is some inaccuracy with respect to test substance identity.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 475 (Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (insufficient cells scored for aberrations and for mitotic index)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- chromosome aberration assay
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc., Kingston, New York, USA
- Age at study initiation: 64 days
- Weight at study initiation: 275-286 g males, 198-204 g females
- Assigned to test groups randomly: yes, via computer-generated random numbers
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: individually in wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Meal #5001, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-23
- Humidity (%): 74-83
- Air changes (per hr): no data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 15-Aug-1983 To: 17-Aug-1983 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: no data, but well-known vehicle
- Concentration of test material in vehicle: 20, 66 and 197 mg active acid/ml
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage or dermal): 10 ml/kg bw
- Purity: distilled - Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Freshly prepared on the day of administration - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Single oral gavage dose; post-treatment sampling times were 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once
- Post exposure period:
- 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 other: mg active acid/kg bw
- Remarks:
- Calculated from nominal concentration of test substance
- Dose / conc.:
- 660 other: mg active acid/kg bw
- Remarks:
- Calculated from nominal concentration of test substance
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 970 other: mg active acid/kg bw
- Remarks:
- Calculated from nominal concentration of test substance
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- cyclophosphamide
- Justification for choice of positive control(s): no data, but well-known clastogen
- Route of administration: oral gavage
- Doses / concentrations: 40 mg/kg bw - Tissues and cell types examined:
- Bone marrow
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION: Selected on the basis of a range-finding test in which no effect on mortality or mitotic index and minimal clinical signs were observed at the top dose of 1970 mg active acid/kg bw only; all 3 dose levels analysed.
TREATMENT AND SAMPLING TIMES (in addition to information in specific fields): Colchicine administered 4, 10, 22 and 46 hours after treatment; animals sacrificed 2 hours later.
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: Bone marrow cells collected from femurs by aspiration into Hank's Balanced Salt Solution; after centrifugation, supernatant decanted and cells suspended in warm 0.075 M KCl for 25 minutes; cells fixed using 3:1 methanol:acetic acid fixative; chilled then dispersed on glass microscope slides (2/animal) and air dried; stained with Giemsa and mounted with glass coverslips.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS: Slides coded; attempted to examine >=60 metaphases from 5/6 rats per sex per group (if not possible, 6th animal also analysed); 48-hour timepoint not analysed; for each animal, data recorded included numbers and types of chromosome aberrations, mitotic index (500 cells/animal), modal number for each metaphase; chromosome aberrations were classified as chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, chromatid and chromsome gaps, exchanges, cells with >10 aberrations, pulverized cells. - Evaluation criteria:
- No data
- Statistics:
- Mean mitotic index, mean modal number, percent aberrant cells and mean number of aberrations per cell analysed by Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric non-parametric analysis of variance and non-parametric pairwise group comparisons. Body weight analysed by analysis of covariance. All tests one-tailed.
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Remarks:
- body weight loss, clinical observations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RESULTS OF RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Dose range: 200, 660, 1970 mg active acid/kg bw
- Solubility: miscible with water
- Clinical signs of toxicity in test animals: no mortality; "a few abnormal clinical observations were observed at the highest dose"
- Evidence of cytotoxicity in tissue analyzed: no effect on mitotic index
- Rationale for exposure: slight toxicity at the highest dose
- Harvest times: observed 1 day after dosing
- High dose with and without activation: not applicable
- Other:
RESULTS OF DEFINITIVE STUDY
- Types of structural aberrations for significant dose levels (for Cytogenetic or SCE assay): none
- Appropriateness of dose levels and route: no data
- Statistical evaluation:
- no statistically significant increase in chromosome damage at any dose at any timepoint in either sex; positive control (24 hours) statistically significantly incresased
- no statistically significant change in mitotic index
- no statistically significant change in mean modal number - Conclusions:
- In a reliable study, conducted using a protocol similar to OECD guideline 475, no evidence of clastogenicity was seen in rat bone marrow following a single oral gavage administration at doses up to the maximum tolerated dose of 1970 mg active acid/kg bw. The study was performed in compliance with GLP.
Reference
3/12 animals died when treated with 1970mg/kg. Mild clinical signs seen at this dose. Loss of body weight in top dose animals (both sexes) over 48 hours observed. No evidence of mitotic delay so 48 hour animals not analyzed.
Table 1 Results of Chromosome aberration study
Treatment (mg/kg bw) |
Treatment time (hrs) |
Number of animals analyzed per group |
Number of cells analyzed |
% aberrant cells per group |
Control |
6 |
12 |
600 |
0.5 |
200 |
6 |
11 |
600 |
0 |
660 |
6 |
11 |
600 |
0.3 |
1970 |
6 |
11 |
600 |
0.5 |
Control |
12 |
10 |
600 |
0 |
200 |
12 |
11 |
600 |
0 |
660 |
12 |
11 |
561 |
0.2 |
1970 |
12 |
10** |
600 |
0.2 |
Control |
24 |
11 |
540 |
0 |
Positive control |
24 |
12 |
280 |
7.9 |
200 |
24 |
11 |
540 |
0.2 |
660 |
24 |
11 |
540 |
0 |
1970 |
24 |
10** |
540 |
0.6 |
** Animals found dead prior to sacrifice
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Additional information
No genetic toxicity data are available for DTPMP-xNH4, however, information is available for DTPMP-H and DTPMP-7Na. The use of read-across data between members of the category is in accordance with the rationale outlined in the read-across justification included in Section 13.
Bacterial mutagenicity
The results of all the bacterial mutagenicity studies were negative.
In a recent well-conducted assay an aqueous solution containing DTPMP-7Na (pH 6-8) was tested for the induction of gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, 100, 1537 and 1535 and in Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvr- (Japan Oilstuff Inspectors Corporation, 2001a). The study was conducted using the preincubation modification in the presence and absence of S9 mix on two occasions. The test substance did not induce mutations in either strain at concentrations up to 5000 µg/ plate, the accepted upper limit for this assay.
In another study, conducted to Japanese guidelines on mutagenicity tests (notification nos. 77 and 653), no genotoxicity was seen in a bacterial mutagenicity assay for DTPMP-H at concentrations up to 1250 µg/plate when tested with or without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA 1535, TA 1538 and E. coli WP2 uvrA (BMI Inc, 2003).
The mutagenic potential of a 50% aqueous solution of DTPMP-H was investigated in a well conducted standard guideline test using the plate incorporation method with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA 1537 (Monsanto, 1981). The top doses used were 10 µl/plate with S9 mix and 0.3 µl/plate without S9 mix and toxicity was induced at the highest doses, consistent with the high toxicity of phosphonic acids in this test system. No statistically significant increase in mutant numbers was seen at any concentration. This negative result is confirmed with the results of a briefly reported study with strains TA98, 100, 1535, 1537 and 1538 with the same test substance (Monsanto, 1977).
In vitro cytogenicity
In the key cytogenicity assay, which was conducted to the appropriate Japanese guideline an aqueous solution containing DTPMP-7Na was tested for the induction of chromosomal aberrations in CHL IU cells. (Japan Oilstuff Inspectors Corporation, 2001b). A delay in the cell cycle was observed in the continuous test with 24-hours treatment, so a 48 hour treatment (3 cell cycles) was carried out. The 4-hour treatment was conducted in the presence and absence of phenobarbitone and 5,6-benzoflavone induced S9 mix. A dose-related increase in the number of structural aberrations was observed in the 48-hour treatment group. It was concluded that the test substance has a clastogenic potential in the CHL/ IU cell line. The study is not fully compliant with the current test guideline for in vitro cytogenicity: the number of cells per treatment was lower than the updated guideline; cytotoxicity was not evaluated by the criteria now required; the level of cytotoxicity observed at the top two concentrations in the 48 hour treatment was greater than that required by the guideline.
Mammalian mutagenicity
Results are available from four mammalian mutagenicity studies on DTPMP-H. In some of the studies the test substance was neutralised.
In the oldest study, DTPMP-H was tested in a mammalian mutagenicity study conducted according to a protocol similar to the OECD Test Guideline 476 and in compliance with GLP (SRI International, 1982). The authors of the report concluded that mutagenicity was seen in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells tested up to the limit of toxicity in both the presence and absence of S9. However, in the absence of metabolic activation the toxicity in one of the dose levels reported to be positive was too great to be acceptable under the current guideline, and the increase in mutant frequency at the dose with acceptable toxicity was less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria. In the presence of metabolic activation, the positive result in the first two experiments was probably caused by reduction in pH. The study report referred to a follow up study using neutralised test solution and it was concluded by the study authors that the results were not due to pH but there is insufficient detail provided to assess whether pH was adequately controlled. Since the pH was likely to have been low at high concentrations the result is considered to be unreliable and the study is disregarded.
A second study is available which was conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD Test Guideline 476 and in compliance with GLP in order to evaluate the possibility that the mutagenicity reported in an earlier study was not an artefact of pH (SRI International, 1983). The neutralised test substance was tested in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells tested to the limit of toxicity in the presence of metabolic activation. The study authors reported that the result was positive in the presence of metabolic activation. However, the increases in mutant frequency were less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria.
The third study in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells was conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD Test Guideline 476 (1997) and in compliance with GLP, mutagenicity was reported when tested to the limit of toxicity in the presence metabolic activation (Microbiological Associates, 1983). The study was conducted in compliance with GLP. However, the increases in mutant frequency were less than the control value plus the global evaluation frequency for the plate method, so would not be considered positive by currently accepted criteria.
The potential for DTPMP-H to induce gene mutations in mammalian cells has also been investigated in CHO cells using forward mutation at the hprt locus (Pharmakon Research International, 1984). This wellconducted study exceeded OECD Test Guidelines. The top dose (8000 µg/ml) exceeded that normally considered the maximum for this assay and resulted in moderate cytotoxicity (relative survival 65% and 44% in presence and absence of S9, respectively). However, it was not clear whether the test solution, or active acid was tested. No evidence of mutagenic potential was seen at the hprt locus in CHO cells in the absence or presence of S9 at four different levels.
An aqueous solution of DTPMP-xNa (CAS 22042-96-2), neutralized with NaOH, was tested in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y thymidine kinase assay using the microwell variant of the assay (Central Toxicology Laboratory, 1997). The maximum concentration tested was 2200 µg/ml. Higher concentrations were not used as the study authors considered that they gave excessively high osmolarity. A toxicity limit was not reached in these tests as the relative toxicity was >75%. No increases in mutation frequency were seen in any of these tests. Nevertheless a higher dose level could have been employed in order to satisfy the criteria for a convincing assay.
Osmolarity was not assessed in the in vitro studies on the acid; it is an unlikely cause of the positive response because positive responses are only seen consistently in the presence of metabolic activation. These substances are strong chelators and there is some unpublished evidence that other chelators may produce false positive responses in this assay, presumably due to the removal of essential metal ions such as Zn, Mg etc. Genetic toxicity studies conducted with the structurally analogous phosphonate ATMP are available. It has been observed that DTPMP acid produces a positive response in this assay yet ATMP does not (SIAR, 2005), which is consistent with their relative chelation potentials. Thus there is considerable evidence that the positive response with the acid is an isolated and artefactual response resulting from pH. The elevated mutant frequency with neutralised acid is below the frequency at which the study would be considered to be positive according to currently accepted criteria.
In vivo chromosome aberration
While there is evidence for potential to induce chromosome aberrations in vitro, there is no evidence of clastogenicity in vivo. Evidence for a lack of genotoxic potential of DTPMP-H, and its salts, in vivo is provided by a well-conducted chromosome aberration study in rat bone marrow following gavage with doses up to 1970 mg DTPMP-H/kg bw (Hazleton Laboratories, 1983). The number of cells scored for aberrations and mitotic index was lower than that required in the current guideline. The top dose resulted in 25% mortality and loss of body weight. Metaphases were analysed from 4-6 animals per group. No evidence is presented in the study for the test substance reaching bone marrow. The mitotic index was unaffected by the administration of the test substance. However, there is sufficient evidence from other sources (Table 1) to provide information on exposure and toxicity to bone marrow, so in this respect the study does not stand alone. In the interests of animal welfare, use should be made of historical data and it is considered that in view of the clear negative result from the in vivo chromosome aberration assay, and a negative carcinogenicity study with the sodium salt (CAS 22042-96-2), it can be concluded that DTPMP-H is not clastogenic.
The measurement of mitotic index might not be considered conclusive because an insufficient number of cells were scored. The mitotic index is a measure of toxicity, therefore the insufficient number of cells scored affects the measure of toxicity to bone marrow. There is sufficient evidence from other sources (Table 1) to provide information on exposure and toxicity to bone marrow, so in this respect the study does not stand alone. In the interests of animal welfare, use should be made of historical data and it is the lead registrant’s opinion that in view of the clear negative result from the in vivo chromosome aberration assay, this study should be considered sufficient to follow up the positive in vitro chromosome aberration result. The sample size for in vivo chromosome aberration tests was increased in order to increase the statistical power of the assay (OECD, 2015). The sample size in the study was 100 cells per animal with 6 animals per group, and therefore exceeded the size required when the guideline was updated in 1997 (100 cells per animal with 5 animals per dose), though it falls short of that required in the 2014 and 2016 OECD 475 guidelines. The positive in vitro result was observed in a study which was statistically less robust than a new study would be, because the in vitro chromosome aberration study does not comply with the updated guideline (OECD 473, 2016). In the interests of animal welfare and in view of:
- the lack of positive results in mammalian mutagenicity studies
- the deficiencies in the in vitro cytogenicity study,
- clear negative result from the in vivo chromosome aberration assay, the existing in vivo study is considered adequate to follow up the in vitro results. However, ECHA required an additional in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay (OECD 489) which is contracted and ongoing.
Evidence for systemic exposure
Table 1: Toxicokinetic data for DTPMP
Endpoint |
Reference |
Absorption and distribution of DTPMP following oral and dermal administration |
Procter and Gamble, 1978 |
Distribution of DTPMP following intravenous administration |
Subramanian et al, 1975 |
Distribution of DTPMP following intravenous administration |
Goeckeler, 1987 |
Although there is no evidence from the in vivo chromosome aberration study that the substance reached the bone marrow, evidence of systemic exposure was reported in the in vivo chromosome aberration study in which test substance was administered at 200, 600 and 1970 mg/kg bw (Hazleton Laboratories, 1983). Clinical signs and three mortalities were recorded in the high dose group.
Though absorption of DTPMP has been shown to be low (approximately 2%) after oral dosing (Procter and Gamble, 1978), the data indicate that a small proportion of an oral dose is systemically available and this would primarily result in distribution to bone, with the remainder distributed to other tissues including the bone marrow and germ cells. Systemic availability following oral administration and affinity for bone was demonstrated following oral gavage with DTPMP, radiolabelled in the carbon atoms of the phosphonomethyl groups (Procter and Gamble, 1978). The proportion of radiolabel in the tissues was low as a result of the low absorption; the concentration in bone, (2.9 ± 0.79 μg/g) was nine times greater than any other tissue. Radioactivity was not detected in bone marrow. Very low levels were observed in blood (0.05 ± 0.05 μg/ g), plasma (0.03 ± 0.02 μg/g) and testes (0.05 ± 0.007 μg/g). The limit of detection of the method was not stated, however it is likely that the differences between bone marrow, blood and testes are not significant. Both bone marrow and testes have very good blood supply, so would be exposed to substances present in the blood.
Further information comes from evidence from published literature (Subramanian et al, 1975; Goeckeler, 1987), which demonstrates through the use of medical imaging in rats, that DTPMP (in the form of radiochemical complexes) is preferentially distributed to the outer bone rather than the bone marrow (following intravenous administration).
Intravenous administration of radiolabelled DTPMP salts to rabbits was followed by imagining and distribution analysis. DTPMP was excreted in the urine (70% at 4 hours), and DTPMP localised in the skeleton (Subramanian et al, 1975). At 4 hours after dosing with indium-113-labelled DTPMP, the ratio of % dose/1% body weight was as shown below. Whilst the radioassay analysis detects the complexed radionuclide, the observation of different distribution patterns and clearance rates when different phosphonate complexes of the same nuclide were compared in this study supports the authors’ conclusion that the properties of the phosphonate are important.
A similar study has been carried out using samarium-153 labelled DTPMP acid (Goeckeler, 1987). After intravenous administration to rats, the majority of the substance was eliminated in the urine, and much of the remainder had distributed to the bone (Table 2). Although the analysis detected the radiolabel and not directly detect the complexing agent, DTPMP-H, the stability of the chelation of the radionuclide by DTPMP means that the result adds to the evidence for distribution of DTPMP to the bone. The differences between the results of the two studies reflect the different time after intravenous administration that samples were taken. Taking into account the differences resulting from route of administration and sampling time, the studies show similarities between the distribution of radionuclide complexed DTPMP and that of carbon-labelled DTPMP. The results of the two radionuclide studies support the assumption of comparable exposure of bone marrow and germ cells.
Table 2: Distribution data for DTPMP
Tissue |
Distribution following oral administration (μg/kg) Procter and Gamble (1978) (species: rat) |
Distribution following 2h intravenous administration (% dose/g) (2h) Goeckeler (1987) (species: rat) |
Distribution following 4h intravenous administration (% dose/1% body weight) Subramanian (1975) (species: rabbit) |
Distribution following 4h intravenous administration (% dose/1% body weight) Subramanian (1975) (species: rabbit) |
|
Radiolabel |
carbon |
|
153-Sm |
85-Sr |
113m-In |
Blood |
0.05 ± 0.05 |
|
74 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
Plasma |
0.03 ± 0.02 |
|
Not determined |
Not determined |
Not determined |
Average bone |
2.9 ± 0.79 |
|
30 |
8.1 |
4.8 |
Marrow |
Below detection |
limit |
Not determined |
0.3 |
0.2 |
Muscle |
Below detection |
limit |
0.9 |
0.2 |
0.04 |
Kidney |
0.17 ± 0.03 |
|
0.4 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
Liver |
0.11 ± 0.02 |
|
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
Testes |
0.05 ± 0.007 |
|
Not determined |
Not determined |
Not determined |
The evaluation of genetic toxicity for REACH Registration is undertaken in order to make a decision on whether the registered substance should be classified for germ cell mutagenicity.
Taken together, the experimental data on absorption and distribution of DTPMP indicate that germ cells and bone marrow are exposed to similar very low levels of DTPMP. The exposure of workers and the general population would be expected to result in low levels of adsorption. The majority of the absorbed dose would be excreted via the kidneys, and the rest would distribute primarily to bone (Proctor and Gamble, 1978).
Although toxicity to bone marrow was not observed in the in vivo chromosome aberration study, systemic toxicity was seen indicating that DTPMP was available in the circulatory system. As the bone marrow has a very good blood supply bone marrow cells would have been exposed to levels that are relevant to germ cell mutagenicity. Therefore, it is considered that the lack of chromosome aberrations in the in vivo study are relevant to potential mutagenicity to germ cells.
Discussion of trends in the DTPMP category
Table 3: Summary of mutagenicity studies
Parameter |
Results |
Results |
Reference and reliability |
|
15827-60-8 |
salts |
|
Bacterial mutagenicity |
Negative |
Negative |
Acid: Monsanto 1981a (Reliability 1) Salt:Japan Oilstuff Inspectors corporation, 2001a (Reliability 1) |
Mammalian cytogenicity |
No data |
Positive |
Salt:Japan Oilstuff Inspectors corporation, 2001b (Reliability 2) |
Mammalian gene mutation (L5178Y) |
Negative |
Negative |
Acid: SRI International, 1983; Microbiological Associates, 1983 (Reliabilities 2) Salt: Central Toxicology Laboratory 1997 (Reliability 2) |
Mammalian gene mutation (CHO/hprt) |
Negative |
|
Pharmakon Research 1984 (Reliability 2) |
Chromosome aberrations in vivo |
Negative |
|
Monsanto, 1983 (Reliability 2) |
Conclusions:
Neither the acid nor the sodium salt induce mutations in well-conducted studies in bacterial or mammalian cells.
The conclusion that DTPMP-xNa is not mutagenic in L5178Y cells is substantiated by consideration of:
(1) Lack of structural alerts for mutagenicity
(2) Lack of evidence for gene mutation potential in sub-mammalian systems and
(3) Lack of potential to induce gene mutations in a well-conducted assay investigating mutations at thehprt locus in CHO cells.
While there is some evidence for the induction of chromosome aberrations in vitro, there is no evidence of clastogenicity in vivo. Considering the clear negative result from the in vivo chromosome aberration assay, and a negative carcinogenicity study with the sodium salt (CAS 22042-96-2), it is concluded that DTPMP acid is not clastogenic. Consequently, DTPMP and its salts are not considered to pose a genotoxic hazard.
Although no studies have been conducted on other salts, their genotoxic properties are expected to be related to the phosphonic ion and therefore the results on the acid and sodium salts can be used to predict a lack of genotoxicity of the potassium and ammonium salts. Potassium ions are not expected to contribute to the genetic toxicity of the potassium salt: potassium is an abundant mineral and plays an important role in metabolism. Ammonium ions are not expected to contribute to genetic toxicity of the ammonia salt of DTPMP as there is no indication for genetic toxicity in the data available for the ammonia category (OECD, 2007a).
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the reliable in vitro and in vivo data, DTPMP-xNH4 does not require classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
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