ALFERROCK

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 3 900 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

aluminium

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Acute (48-hr) toxicities of various metal ions (including Al) to Daphnia magna in Lake Superior water were determined. Acute mortality (LC50) was derived as endpoint. The LC50 (48h) was 3.9 mg/L.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

non-guideline study, but scientifically solid result published in peer-reviewed article

Conclusions:

Short-term (48 h) lethal effect concentrations (LC50) of aluminium ions on Daphnia magna were determined being 3.90 mg Al/L in lake water.

Executive summary:

A study was performed to determine the short-term toxicity (LC50) of various metals including aluminium ions towards Daphnia magna. Short-term (48 h) lethal effect concentrations (LC50) of aluminium ions on Daphnia magna were determined being 3.90 mg/L in Lake Superior water.

This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

disregarded due to major methodological deficiencies

Justification for type of information:

For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

other: statistically significant increase of mortality

Effect conc.:

ca. 1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Al

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: at pH 5

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

other: statistically significant increase of mortality

Effect conc.:

ca. 1.02 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Al

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: at pH 6.5

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

Non-guideline study. However, compared to OECD 202 criteria the study is not valid.

Conclusions:

The effect of aluminum on the survival of Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum, Chaoboruspunctipennis, and Chironomus anthrocinus was determined. None of the invertebrates were particularly sensitive to aluminium.

Executive summary:

Experiments were conducted in soft water adjusted to pH 6.5 (original), 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, and 3.5, at three concentrations of aluminium (0.02, 0.32, 1.02 mg/L). Mortality, attributable to aluminium, occurred only at pH 6.5 for D. catawba at the highest aluminium concentration tested (1.02 mg/L).

This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Justification for type of information:

For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 3 102 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 95 % CI= 1281.61–7507.85

Measured Al concentration (μg/L)	LT50(h)	95 % confidence limit
991	303.15	59.21–1552.17
4907	103.22	57.48–185.34
7454	55.66	42.32–73.21
10210	10210	29.86–63.51
16348	9.15	5.90–14.17

Time (h)	LC50(µg/L)	95 % confidence limit
24	12530.33	10197.69–15396.55
48	6980.05	2360.23–20642.53
72	4964.23	3598.66–6848.01
96	3101.96	1281.61–7507.85

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

non-guideline study

Conclusions:

A study was performed to measure the toxicity of various metals for the freshwater ostracod Stenocypris major (Crustacea, Candonidae). A median lethal concentration (LC50) after 96 h of 3101.96 µg/L was determined.

Executive summary:

Adults of freshwater ostracod Stenocypris major (Crustacea, Candonidae) were exposed over a four-day period under laboratory conditions to a range of various metals including aluminium. Mortality was assessed, and median lethal times (LT50) and concentrations (LC50) were calculated. Comparison of LC50 values for metals for this species with those for other freshwater crustacean reveals that S. major is equally or more sensitive to metals than most other tested crustaceans.

This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance. For details and justification of read-across please refer to the read-across report attached to IUCLID section 13.

Description of key information

The toxicity of "Neutralisation and reduction products of bauxite residue from refinement process" to aquatic invertebrates is determined by the released aluminium ions. The EC50 of 3.9 mg Al/L reported in the key study (Biesinger and Christensen, 1972) is forwarded to the hazard assessment as the relevant endpoint.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect concentration:

3.9 mg/L

Additional information

Toxicity of "Neutralisation and reduction products of bauxite residue from refinement process" to aquatic invertebrates can be elicited by Aluminium ions released from the material. Studies investigating the toxicity of Aluminium to invertebrates were retrieved from the public domain. The EC₅₀ of aluminium ions in the standard test species Daphnia magna was determined to be 3.9 mg/L (Biesinger and Christensen, 1972). In addition, the median lethal concentration (LC50) after 96h in the freshwater ostracod Stenocypris major (Crustacea, Candonidae) was determined at 3101.96 µg Al/L (Shuhami-Othman, 2011). The results with the standard test organism D. magna are carried forward in the hazard assessment.

The results reported by Havas (1985) were disregarded due to significant methodological deficiencies in the test.