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EC number: 213-668-5 | CAS number: 999-97-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
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- Auto flammability
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- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
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- Endpoint summary
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- Environmental data
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
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- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- no bioaccumulation potential
Additional information
There are no in vivo nor in vitro data on the toxicokinetics of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (CAS 999-97-3, EC 213-668-5).
The following summary has therefore been prepared based on validated predictions of the physicochemical properties of the substance itself and its hydrolysis products and using this data in algorithms that are the basis of many computer-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic (PBTK) prediction models. Although these algorithms provide a numerical value, for the purposes of this summary only qualitative statements or comparisons will be made. The main input variable for the majority of these algorithms is log Kow so by using this, and other where appropriate, known or predicted physicochemical properties of 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexamethyldisilazane or its hydrolysis products, reasonable predictions or statements can be made about their potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties.
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane (CAS 999-97-3, EC 213-668-5) is a moisture-sensitive, volatile (vapour pressure 2400 Pa at 25°C; measured data) liquid that hydrolyses very rapidly in contact with water (≤0.04 min, ≤0.5 min, and ≤0.1 at pH 4, 7 and 9 and 1.5°C; measured data), generating trimethylsilanol (CAS 1066-40-6) and ammonia. Most, if not all, hydrolysis will have occurred before absorption into the body, therefore relevant systemic exposure is limited to the hydrolysis products.
Human exposure can occur via the inhalation or dermal routes. Relevant inhalation exposure would be to the hydrolysis products (hydrolysis would occur rapidly when inhaled, even if a mixture of parent and hydrolysis products were present in air). The substance would also hydrolyse rapidly in contact with moist skin.
The resulting hydrolysis product ammonia would be corrosive.
The ADME properties of ammonia have been reviewed in other major reviews (OECD SIDS, 2007) and are not considered further here.
Absorption
Oral
Significant oral exposure is not expected for this substance.
However, oral exposure to humans via the environment may be relevant for the hydrolysis products, trimethylsilanol and ammonia.
When oral exposure takes place, it is necessary to assume that except for the most extreme of insoluble substances, that uptake through intestinal walls into the blood takes place. Uptake from intestines can be assumed to be possible for all substances that have appreciable solubility in water or lipid. Other mechanisms by which substances can be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract include the passage of small water-soluble molecules (molecular weight up to around 200 g/mol) through aqueous pores or carriage of such molecules across membranes with the bulk passage of water (Renwick, 1993).
The water solubility of the silanol hydrolysis product, trimethylsilanol, has been measured as 995 mg/l at 20°C, but at concentration around and above 1000 mg/l condensation reactions may take place over time, limiting the concentration dissolved in water.
The solubility of 995 mg/l is considered valid for use in toxicokinetic modelling because it is adequate to describe the hydrophilicity of the substance and hence the partitioning behaviour. Therefore, if oral exposure did occur the favourable molecular weight (90.2 g/mol) and water solubility (995 mg/l) of the hydrolysis product trimethylsilanol means systemic exposure is very likely.
Clinical signs (sedation and paralysis) and death were recorded in the key (Bayer, 1988) and supporting acute oral toxicity studies with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane indicating systemic exposure to the parent or silanol hydrolysis product had occurred.
Dermal
The fat solubility and therefore potential dermal penetration of a substance can be estimated by using the water solubility and log Kow
values. Substances with log Kow values between 1 and 4 favour dermal absorption (values between 2 and 3 are optimal) particularly if water solubility is high.
Due to the very rapid hydrolysis 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane on contact with skin, systemic exposure to the parent substance via this route is predicted to be minimal.
With a water solubility of 995 mg/L and log Kow of 1.19, trimethylsilanol is in the favourable range for dermal absorption and is therefore expected to be absorbed and result in systemic exposure. After or during deposition on the skin, evapouration of the substance and dermal absorption occur simultaneously so the vapour pressure of a substance is also relevant. With a vapour pressure of 1300 Pa at 20°C (measured data), evapouration of trimethylsilanol is relevant and is likely to be a factor reducing potential dermal absorption.
Since the other hydrolysis product, ammonia, is corrosive to the skin, and since the parent substance, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, showed signs of severe skin irritation in the acute dermal toxicity study, damage to the skin may increase potential for dermal penetration of the hydrolysis product trimethylsilanol.
However, this test was conducted under occlusive conditions for 24 hours, thus limiting evapouration of the test material from the site of application and maximising the potential for local effects. Under the conditions of the key skin and eye irritation tests 1,1,1,3,3,3 -hexamethyldilazane was not irritating.
Clinical signs (including sluggishness, prostration and lethargy) were recorded in the key (BRRC, 1981) and supporting acute dermal toxicity studies with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane indicating systemic exposure to substance-related material had occurred.
Inhalation
Inhalation exposure would be to the hydrolysis products of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane due to rapid hydrolysis following inhalation. Once hydrolysis has occurred, significant uptake into the systemic circulation would be expected, as the silanol hydrolysis product is highly soluble.
There is a Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) to estimate the blood:air partition coefficient for human subjects as published by Meulenberg and Vijverberg (2000). The resulting algorithm uses the dimensionless Henry coefficient and the octanol:air partition coefficient (Koct:air) as independent variables.
Using these values for trimethylsilanol predicts a blood:air partition coefficient of approximately 100:1 meaning that, if lung exposure occurred there would be uptake into the systemic circulation. The water solubility of trimethylsilanol also suggests that it could be dissolved in the mucous of the respiratory tract lining, so it may also be passively absorbed from the mucous, further increasing the potential for absorption.
Clinical signs and other indications of systemic exposure were noted in the key acute (Dow Corning Corporation, 2007) and repeat dose (Harlan, 2014) inhalation studies indicating systemic exposure to substance-related material had occurred.
Distribution
All absorbed material is likely to be in the form of the hydrolysis products, trimethylsilanol and ammonia.
For blood:tissue partitioning a QSPR algorithm has been developed by De Jongh et al. (1997) in which the distribution of compounds between blood and human body tissues as a function of water and lipid content of tissues and the n-octanol:water partition coefficient (Kow) is described. Using this value for trimethylsilanol predicts that, should systemic exposure occur, potential distribution into the main body compartments would primarily be into fatty tissues with minimal distribution into the other tissues.
Table 5.1: Tissue:blood partition coefficients
|
Log Kow |
Kow |
Liver |
Muscle |
Fat |
Brain |
Kidney |
trimethylsilanol |
1.19 |
15.49 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
11.9 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
Metabolism
There are no data on the metabolism of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane. However, most if not all hydrolysis to form trimethylsilanol and ammonia will have occured before absorption into the body. Genetic toxicity tests in vitro showed no observable differences in effects with and without metabolic activation.
Excretion
A determinant of the extent of urinary excretion is the soluble fraction in blood. QPSR’s as developed by De Jongh et al. (1997) using log Kow as an input parameter, calculate the solubility in blood based on lipid fractions in the blood assuming that human blood contains 0.7% lipids.
Using the algorithm, the soluble fraction of the hydrolysis product trimethylsilanol in blood is approximately 90% meaning it is likely to be eliminated via the kidneys in urine and accumulation is unlikely.
References
Renwick A. G. (1993) Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Fd. Addit. Contam. 10: 275-305.
Meulenberg, C.J. and H.P. Vijverberg, Empirical relations predicting human and rat tissue:air partition coefficients of volatile organic compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2000. 165(3): p. 206-16.
DeJongh, J., H.J. Verhaar, and J.L. Hermens, A quantitative property-property relationship (QPPR) approach to estimate in vitro tissue-blood partition coefficients of organic chemicals in rats and humans. Arch Toxicol, 1997. 72(1): p. 17-25.
OECD SIDS (2007). SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 24, Paris, France, 17-20 April 2007, Ammonia Category.
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