Fatty acids, coco, iso-Bu esters

Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity

Administrative data

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

EPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
The target substance FATTY ACIDS, COCO, ISO-BU ESTERS (CAS 91697-43-7) and the source substance FATTY ACIDS, C16-18, ISOBUTYL ESTERS (CAS 85865-69-6) are both Short Chain Alcohol Esters (SCAE C2-C8) composed by a fatty acid (C16-C18) and a C4 alcohol (isobutanol).
The source and the target substance show therefore the same reactive groups and a similar composition. A read-across to the source is therefore justified.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
Both target and source substances are fatty acid esters produced by chemical reaction of an alcohol (isobutanol) with organic acids (e. g. stearic acid) in the presence of an acid catalyst. The esterification reaction is started by a transfer of a proton from the acid catalyst to the acid to form an alkyloxonium ion. The carboxylic acid is protonated on its carbonyl oxygen followed by a nucleophilic addition of a molecule of the alcohol to a carbonyl carbon of acid. An intermediate product is formed. This intermediate product loses a water molecule and proton to give an ester. Monoesters are the final product of esterification.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Since both target and source substances are fatty acid esters produced by chemical reaction of an alcohol (isobutanol) with an organic acid and therefore share similar/overlapping structural features and functional groups, it is justified to use a read across approach. The source substance has been registered already and its developmental toxicity has been investigated using a grouping of substance and read across approach. The developmental toxicity of the source substance, Fatty acids, C16-18, Isobutyl Esters (CAS# 85865-69-6), was tested in two studies conducted according to OECD guideline 414. The studies from the category members 2-Ethylhexyl Stearate (CAS 22047-49-0) and Fatty Acids, C16-18, 2-Ethylhexyl Esters (CAS 91031-48-0) did not show treatment-related effects up to the highest tested dose level. Thus, no hazard for developmental toxicity was identified. All available data investigating the developmental toxicity indicate that members of the category Fatty acid C2-8 esters have no developmental toxicity effects and classification according to EU classification criteria for developmental toxicity is not required.
The same behaviour is predicted for the target substance FATTY ACIDS, COCO, ISO-BU ESTERS (CAS 91697-43-7) .

Cross-reference

Cross-reference 1

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reference

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP guideline study with acceptable restrictions (exposure duration was only from day 6-15 of gestation instead of day 5-19).

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 1981

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 2001

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Exposure duration was only from day 6-15 of gestation instead of day 5-19.

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: approx. 8-10 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: mean approx. 197 g
- Housing: individually in Makrolon Type M3 cages (Ebeco) with standard softwood bedding (ARWI-Center, Essen, Germany)
- Diet: Pelleted Altromin Maintenance Diet 1324, Lot No. 221092/1558 (Altromin GmbH, Lage, Germany), ad libitum
- Water: tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21-23
- Humidity (%): 40-56
- Air changes (per hr): 10-15 per hr
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: Arachidis oil, DAB 10

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The dosing solutions were prepared daily before administration.

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): solubility of test substance
- Concentration in vehicle: 20, 60 and 200 mg/mL, respectively for the 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw dose groups
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg bw

After arrival all females were assigned to the different groups using a computer-generated random algorithm.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

no

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: purchased timed pregnant, at day 0
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug day 0 of pregnancy

Duration of treatment / exposure:

from day 6 up to day 15 of gestation

Frequency of treatment:

once daily

Duration of test:

until day 20 of gestation

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

24 females per dose

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Other:
group 1: 0 mg/kg bw/day
group 2: 100 mg/kg bw/day
group 3: 300 mg/kg bw/day
group 4: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
Mortality rate: The animals were checked at least twice daily for any mortality.
Signs and/or symptoms: The animals were observed at least twice daily (working days) for signs of reaction to treatment and/or symptoms of illness.

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: Post mortem examination, including gross macroscopic examination of all maternal organs, with emphasis on the uterus, uterine contents, position of fetuses in the uterus and number of corpora lutea, was performed and the data recorded.
The uteri (including content) of all females were weighed at necropsy on day 20 post coitum to enable the calculation of the corrected body weight gain.
- Any female sacrificed or found dead during the study was subjected to macroscopic examination of the visceral organs, with emphasis on the uterus and its content.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes, mean body weight changes
- Time schedule for examinations: days 0, 6, 16 and 20 of gestation

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes

Number and distribution of intrauterine implantations were classified as live or death fetuses, late intrauterine deaths (resorptions), early intrauterine (resorption sites). The fetuses were removed from the uterus. Intrauterine deaths were classified on the basis of the presence (late) or absence (early) of fetal or decidual tissue in addition to placental tissue.

Fetal examinations:

- External examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: half per litter: malformations oh hydrocephalus, variations of brain, adrenal gland, renal pelvis, ureter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: half per litter: malformations of hydrops, retardations of skull bones, hyoid, sternebrae, pelvis, 13th rib
- Head examinations: Yes: half per litter

The live fetuses were sexed, weighed individually including placentae, examined for gross external abnormalities and allocated to one of the following procedures:
1) Half of the fetuses from each litter was non individually fixed in Bouin's solution in order to examine viscera and brain by Wilson's slicing technique. After examination the sections were not preserved.
2) The remaining fetuses were placed non individually in a solution of potassium hydroxide for clearing and were stained with alizarin red (Shandon Varistain 24-T). The skeletons were examined and preserved in plastic containers. All abnormalities were recorded.

Statistics:

The following statistical methods were used:
If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-Test, based on a pooled variance, was applied for the comparison between the treated groups and the control group, otherwise the Steel-Test was applied.
Fisher's Exact test for 2x2 tables was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information (Bonferroni-Holm-corrected).

Historical control data:

Findings both on the individual foetus and on the litter basis did not differ from the available historical control obtained in six developmental toxicity studies on the same species.

Details on maternal toxic effects:

Maternal toxic effects:no effects

Details on maternal toxic effects:
The dams tolerated the applied dose levels of up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day without lethality and clinical signs of systemic toxicity.
Maternal body weight gain was not affected by the treatment.

Mortality:
No death occurred in the dams of group 1 (vehicle control) and in the test groups 2 - 4.

Signs and/or symptoms:
No compound-related symptoms were observed in all treatment groups. In one female (group 3) was noted a skin incrustion on the back and another female (group 1) was severely aggressive by handling.

Body weight gains and corrected body weight:
Body weight profiles of the pregnant females were essentially similar in all groups. Mean corrected body weight gain of the treatment groups compared favourably with the control values.

Reproduction data:
No compound-related differences were noted between the mean reproduction data of the test groups in comparison to the control group. In the group 2 and 4 the post-implantation loss and total embryonic deaths were significantly decreased. These findings were considered to be incidental because of the high control values. Furthermore the number of total fetuses was increased in the group 2 and 4, which is also incidental because there was no dose-relationship.

Necropsy findings:
No macroscopic changes were noted in the dams of the groups 1 - 4.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Apart from dose group 1000 mg/kg bw/day (one dead foetus) all females had viable foetuses. Pre- and postimplantation loss and mean numbers of resorption were unaffected by treatment. All parameters were comparable with the animals of the control group. Skeletal and visceral investigations detected no treatment-related malformations.

Body weight:
The weights of live fetuses exibited no significant differences on a litter and individual basis e.g. mean weight between the control group and the treatment groups.

Placenta and uterus weight:
The weights of placentae and the whole uterus showed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment groups.

Sex ratios:
The sex ratio of the fetuses was not effected by the treatment with the test substance.

External examinations:
No substance-related macroscopical findings were noted at external examination of fetuses which were considered to be an effect of the treatment with the test article. In the group 1 was noted a beginning hydrops and in the group 4 one fetus with paleness and one dead fetus.

Visceral examination:
The findings were as follows:
Group 1: 127 examined fetuses
28 hydronephrosis
9 ureter dilatation
5 ureter waved
1 runt, brain lateral sinus dilatation, other organs normal
1 thorax - blood coagulum [artifact]
1 adrenal central pinhead cyst [suspicious]
1 umbilical region - gut protrusion [artifact]

Group 2: 138 examined fetuses
34 hydronephrosis
12 ureter dilatation
3 ureter waved
1 runt, hydrocephalus internus

Group 3: 138 examined fetuses
26 hydronephrosis
5 ureter dilatation
6 ureter waved
1 ear region subcutaneous hematoma
1 umbilical region - gut protrusion [artifact]

Group 4: 140 examined fetuses
24 hydronephrosis
10 ureter dilatation
8 ureter waved
1 inguinal hernia, protrusion of gut and testis between peritoneum and trunk, muscles [artifact]
1 runt, brain lateral sinus dilatation, other organs normal

The visceral examination of the preserved fetuses did not reveal any treatment-related abnormalities.

Skeletal examination of fetuses:
Retardations:
Group 1: 141 examined fetuses
Group 2: 152 examined fetuses
single sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 1% (34 fetuses out of 22 dams)
Group 3: 150 examined fetuses: no significant findings
Group 4: 152 examined fetuses
single sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 5 % (29 fetuses out of 22 dams)
two sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 1 % (21 fetuses out of 22 dams)

The statistically significant differences were considered to be incidental because these retardation effects were not accompanied by weight retardation of the treatment groups. The incidental character of these retardations is emphasized by the fact the values were within the normal range of variation for this strain.

Variations (examined fetuses):
Group 1: no variations
Group 2: no variations
Group 3: no variations
Group 4: no variations

Malformations (examined fetuses):
Group 1: 1 fetus beginning hydrops
Group 2: no findings
Group 3: no findings
Group 4: no findings

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: embryotoxicity

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: teratogenicity

Abnormalities:

not specified

Developmental effects observed:

not specified

Conclusions:

2 -ethylhexyl stearate up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day does not produce any embryo- and foetotoxic or teratogenic effects. The NOAEL for maternal-, developmental-, embryo-, foetotoxicity and teratogenicity is deduced 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Cross-reference 2

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reference

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP guideline study with acceptable restrictions (exposure duration was only from day 6-15 of gestation instead of day 5-19, analytical purity of test substnace not specified).

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 1981

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

no analytical purity given

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Version / remarks:

adopted in 2001

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Exposure duration was only from day 6-15 of gestation instead of day 5-19; no analytical purity given

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: approx. 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: mean approx. 197 g
- Housing: individually in Makrolon Type M3 cages
- Diet: Pelleted Altromin Maintenance Diet 1324 (Altromin GmbH, Lage, Germany), ad libitum (analytically controlled per batch)
- Water: tap water, ad libitum (once weekly controlled)
- Acclimation period: 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21-23
- Humidity (%): 40-56
- Air changes (per hr): 10-15 per hr
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: Arachidis oil, DAB 10

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The dosing solutions were prepared daily before administration.

VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg bw

All groups received a dose volume of 5 mL/kg body weight, adjusted to the body weight of day 6 post coitum.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

no

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: purchased timed pregnant, at day 0
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug day 0 of pregnancy

Duration of treatment / exposure:

from day 6 up to day 15 of gestation

Frequency of treatment:

once daily

Duration of test:

until day 20 of gestation

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

24 females per dose

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Other:
group 1: 0 mg/kg bw/day
group 2: 100 mg/kg bw/day
group 3: 300 mg/kg bw/day
group 4: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: Post mortem examination, including gross macroscopic examination of all maternal organs, with emphasis on the uterus, uterine contents, position of fetuses in the uterus and number of corpora lutea, was performed and the data recorded.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes, mean body weight changes
- Time schedule for examinations: days 0, 6, 16 and 20 of gestation

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: dead/living foetuses

Number and distribution of intrauterine implantations were classified as live or death fetuses, late intrauterine deaths (resorptions), early intrauterine (resorption sites). The fetuses were removed from the uterus. Intrauterine deaths were classified on the basis of the presence (late) or absence (early) of fetal or decidual tissue in addition to placental tissue.

Fetal examinations:

- External examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: half per litter: malformations oh hydrocephalus, variations of brain, adrenal gland, renal pelvis, ureter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: half per litter: malformations of hydrops, retardations of skull bones, hyoid, sternebrae, pelvis, 13th rib
- Head examinations: Yes: half per litter

The live fetuses were sexed, weighed individually including placentae, examined for gross external abnormalities and allocated to one of the following procedures:
1) The Wilson technique was applied to half of the foetuses to evaluate potential visceral changes (Wilson and Warkany, 1965).
2) The remaining fetuses were placed non individually in a solution of potassium hydroxide for clearing and were stained with alizarin red according to Dawson, 1926. All abnormalities were recorded.

Statistics:

The following statistical methods were used:
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-Test, based on a pooled variance, was applied for the comparison between the treated groups and the control group.
- The Steel-Test was applied when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distrubution.
- Fisher's Exact test for 2x2 tables was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information (Bonferroni-Holm-corrected).

Historical control data:

Findings both on the individual foetus and an the litter basis did not differ from the historical control obtained in six developmental toxicity studies on the same species.

Details on maternal toxic effects:

Maternal toxic effects:no effects

Details on maternal toxic effects:
The dams tolerated the applied dose levels of up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day without lethality and clinical signs of systemic toxicity.
Maternal body weight gain was not affected by the treatment.

Mortality:
No death occurred in the dams of group 1 (vehicle control) and in the test groups 2 - 4.

Signs and/or symptoms:
No compound-related symptoms were observed in all treatment groups. In one female (group 3) was noted a skin incrustion on the back and another female (group 1) was severely aggressive by handling.

Body weight gains and corrected body weight:
Body weight profiles of the pregnant females were essentially similar in all groups. Mean corrected body weight gain of the treatment groups compared favourably with the control values.

Reproduction data:
No compound-related differences were noted between the mean reproduction data of the test groups in comparison to the control group. In the group 2 and 4 the post-implantation loss and total embryonic deaths were significantly decreased. These findings were considered to be incidental because of the high control values. Furthermore the number of total fetuses was increased in the group 2 and 4, which is also incidental because there was no dose-relationship.

Necropsy findings:
No macroscopic changes were noted in the dams of the groups 1 - 4.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Apart from dose group 1000 mg/kg bw/day (one dead foetus) all females had viable foetuses. Pre- and postimplantation loss and mean numbers of resorption were unaffected by treatment. All parameters were comparable with the animals of the control group. Skeletal and visceral investigations detected no treatment-related malformations.

Body weight:
The weights of live fetuses exibited no significant differences on a litter and individual basis e.g. mean weight between the control group and the treatment groups.

Placenta and uterus weight:
The weights of placentae and the whole uterus showed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment groups.

Sex ratios:
The sex ratio of the fetuses was not effected by the treatment with the test substance.

External examinations:
No macroscopical findings were noted at external examination of fetuses which were considered to be an effect of the treatment with the test article. In the group 1 was noted a beginning hydrops and in the group 4 one fetus with paleness and one dead fetus.

Visceral examination:
The findings were as follows:
Group 1: 127 examined fetuses
28 hydronephrosis
9 ureter dilatation
5 ureter waved
1 runt, brain lateral sinus dilatation, other organs normal
1 thorax - blood coagulum [artifact]
1 adrenal central pinhead cyst [suspicious]
1 umbilical region - gut protrusion [artifact]

Group 2: 138 examined fetuses
34 hydronephrosis
12 ureter dilatation
3 ureter waved
1 runt, hydrocephalus internus

Group 3: 138 examined fetuses
26 hydronephrosis
5 ureter dilatation
6 ureter waved
1 ear region subcutaneous hematoma
1 umbilical region - gut protrusion [artifact]

Group 4: 140 examined fetuses
24 hydronephrosis
10 ureter dilatation
8 ureter waved
1 inguinal hernia, protrusion of gut and testis between peritoneum and trunk, muscles [artifact]
1 runt, brain lateral sinus dilatation, other organs normal

The visceral examination of the preserved fetuses did not reveal any treatment-related abnormalities.

Skeletal examination of fetuses:
Retardations:
Group 1: 141 examined fetuses
Group 2: 152 examined fetuses
single sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 1% (34 fetuses out of 22 dams)
Group 3: 150 examined fetuses: no significant findings
Group 4: 152 examined fetuses
single sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 5 % (29 fetuses out of 22 dams)
two sternebrae non ossified,
significant increase at level 1 % (21 fetuses out of 22 dams)

The statistically significant differences were considered to be incidental because these retardation effects were not accompanied by weight retardation of the treatment groups. The incidental character of these retardations is emphasized by the fact the values were within the normal range of variation for this strain.

Variations (examined fetuses):
Group 1: no variations
Group 2: no variations
Group 3: no variations
Group 4: no variations

Malformations (examined fetuses):
Group 1: 1 fetus beginning hydrops
Group 2: no findings
Group 3: no findings
Group 4: no findings

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Basis for effect level:

other: embryotoxicity

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Basis for effect level:

other: teratogenicity

Abnormalities:

not specified

Developmental effects observed:

not specified

2 -ethylhexyl stearate up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day does not produce any embryo- and foetotoxic or teratogenic effects. The NOAEL for maternal-, developmental-, embryo-, foetotoxicity and teratogenicity is deduced 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

2 -ethylhexyl stearate has not to be classified according to DSD and CLP.

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Fatty acids, coco, iso-Bu esters

EC Number:

294-304-2

EC Name:

Fatty acids, coco, iso-Bu esters

Cas Number:

91697-43-7

Molecular formula:

Not available for UVCB substances

IUPAC Name:

Fatty acids, coco, iso-Butyl esters

Test material form:

liquid

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

Effect levels (maternal animals)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

body weight and weight gain

clinical signs

gross pathology

mortality

number of abortions

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

Maternal abnormalities

Abnormalities:

not specified

Results (fetuses)

Effect levels (fetuses)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

not specified

Basis for effect level:

reduction in number of live offspring

changes in sex ratio

changes in litter size and weights

external malformations

skeletal malformations

visceral malformations

other: number of implantations, no. of total litter losses by resortion

Fetal abnormalities

Abnormalities:

not specified

Overall developmental toxicity

Developmental effects observed:

not specified