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EC number: 205-031-5 | CAS number: 131-57-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1992
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: well documented guideline study performed under GLP
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 992
- Report date:
- 1992
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- according to 21 CFR 58
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Oxybenzone
- EC Number:
- 205-031-5
- EC Name:
- Oxybenzone
- Cas Number:
- 131-57-7
- Molecular formula:
- C14H12O3
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-benzoyl-5-methoxyphenol
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Remarks:
- migrated information: powder
- Details on test material:
- The HMB used in these studies was obtained from American Cyanamid Co. (Bridgewater, NJ), and samples were analyzed at Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO). The infrared, ultraviolet/visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were consistent with the structure of HMB and with available literature references. Elemental analysis results for carbon were slightly high but agreed with theoretical values for hydrogen. Karl Fischer analysis for water indicated less than 0.04%. Analysis by two thin-layer chromatography systems indicated a single spot; no impurities with relative peak areas of greater than 0.1% of the major peak were detected by gas chromatography.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Rats and mice used in the 13-week studies were obtained from Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY). Rats were housed 5/cage for the feed study and were housed individually for the dermal studies. Animals received NIH-07 diet (Zeigler Bros., Gardners, PA) and water ad libitum throughout the studies. Blood samples were collected, and the sera analysed for viral titers from 5 animals per sex and species at study start and at termination in the 13-week studies. Temp.: 72 ± 3°F; relative humidity--50 ±15%; fluorescent light 12 h/d; 10 air changes/h. Age of animlas at start of study was 6 weeks for males and 7 weeks for females.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Stability studies conducted on a feed blend indicated a small but significant loss (~2%) after 3 weeks' storage in the dark in sealed containers at room temperature. No significant losses were observed with similar blends kept at 5 °C or -20 °C. Feed blends stored open to air and light for 3 days in a rat cage exhibited losses (~2%).
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- continuous through feed
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
3125 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
6250 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
12500 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
25000 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
50000 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 males and 10 females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Positive control:
- no positive control
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- 13-Week Studies, Dosed Feed: Observed 2 x d for mortality/moribundity; 1 x wk for clinical signs of toxicity; food consumption measured weekly; weighed initially, weekly, and at necropsy.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- Necropsy performed on all animals; the following tissues were examined microscopically from all high dose and controls: Gross lesions, adrenal gland, brain, esophagus, eyes (if grossly abnormal), femur with bone marrow, gall bladder (mice), heart, intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum), kidney, liver, lungs and bronchi, mandibular and mediastinal lymph nodes, nasal cavity with turbinates, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, preputial or clitoral gland (rats only), prostate, salivary gland, seminal vesicle, spinal cord (if neurologic signs present), spleen, stomach (forestomach and glandular), testis and epididymis, thymus, thyroid, trachea, urinary bladder, uterus. In addition to all gross lesions, the kidney was examined in all dose groups. Organ weights obtained from all core study animals include: liver, thymus, right kidney, right testis, heart, and lungs.
- Other examinations:
- Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, and Urinalysis: Hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated in rats, only, on day 3, day 15, and week 12. Sperm Morphology/Vaginal Cytology:
Dosed Feed: sperm morphology and vaginal cytology were evaluated in rats and mice exposed to 0, 3125, 12500, and 50000 ppm HMB. - Statistics:
- Two approaches were employed to assess the significance of pairwise comparisons between dosed and control groups in the analysis of continuous variables. Organ and body weight data, which are approximately normally distributed, were analyzed using the parametric multiple comparisons procedures of Williams (1971, 1972) and Dunnett (1955). Clinical chemistry and hematology data, which typically have skewed distributions, were analyzed using the nonparametric multiple comparisons methods of Shirley (1977) and Dunn (1964). Jonckheere's test (Jonckheere, 1954) was used to assess the significance of dose-response trends and to determine whether a trend-sensitive test (Williams, Shirley) was more appropriate for pairwise comparisons than a test capable of detecting departures from monotonic dose-response (Dunnett, Dunn). If the P-value from Jonckheere's test was greater than or equal to 0.10, Dunn's or Dunnett's test was used rather than Shirley's or Williams' test.
The outlier test of Dixon and Massey (1951) was employed to detect extreme values. No value selected by the outlier test was eliminated unless it was at least twice the next largest value or at most half of the next smallest value.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- one animal was killed accidentally but no other mortalities
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- one animal was killed accidentally but no other mortalities
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- significant for males as of 12500 ppm and for females as of 6250 ppm
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see details
- Urinalysis findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- dark yellow to opaque urine
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- effects at highest dose group for females and two highest dose groups for males, mainly increased kidney
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see details
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see details
- Details on results:
- One low dose male rat was killed accidentally during the first week; there were no other deaths during the study. Dose-related decreases in growth (Figure 1) and in final body weights were noted in male and female rats. Chemically-related clinical signs were limited to urine-stained fur in the perineal area and a dark yellow to opaque-greenish urine.
At necropsy, chemically-related gross lesions were observed in the two highest dose groups of male rats and in the highest dose group of female rats. The kidneys were enlarged and had an abnormal shape and granular surface. In some animals both kidneys were affected, while in others, the changes were limited to one kidney. Absolute and relative right kidney weights were increased in males in the 50000 ppm group and in females in the 25000 and 50000 ppm groups.
Histopathologic lesions in the kidney of male and female rats were similar, consisting of dilatation of renal tubules, regeneration of tubule epithelial cells, papillary degeneration or necrosis, and inflammation. The most prominent lesion was dilatation of the renal tubules (Plate 3), the severity of which was greater in males than in females, occurring in at all exposure levels. The entire length of the nephron was generally affected, with dilated tubules present in the cortex, outer, and inner medulla. In kidneys with minimal to mild dilatation, there generally was a focal distribution of the lesion in which much of the kidney appeared relatively unaffected (Plates 3 and 5). The majority of the tubules from some of the more severely affected kidneys in the 50000 ppm groups of male and female rats were dilated and often contained protein casts and cell debris; more extensively dilated tubules were lined by a flattened epithelium. Renal tubule epithelial cell regeneration increased in severity and/or incidence in groups of rats with tubule dilatation. At the highest dose, particularly in male rats, there was mild to moderate inflammation with fibrosis in the renal interstitium.
The cellular infiltrate was a mixture of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Necrosis of the tip of the renal papilla was also present in highest dose males and females (Plate 4).
Adjacent to the area of papillary necrosis, there was minimal hyperplasia of the cuboidal epithelium on the surface of the renal papilla or the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis.
There was no evidence of inflammation or hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder in male or female rats.
Both absolute and relative liver weights increased markedly in a dose-related fashion in males and females (Table 5, Appendix A3). There were no histopathologic changes associated with the weight increase, but changes in activities of hepatic enzymes in serum occurred (described below).
In hematologic evaluations, male rats given 25000 or 50000 ppm HMB exhibited significant increases in platelet counts beginning at day 3 of the study and persisting at day 15 and week 12. Similar responses occurred in the 12500 ppm dose groups at day 15 and week 12 as well as in the 2 lower dose groups at day 15 (Appendix B). Sporadic increases occurred during the study in counts of segmented neutrophils and reticulocytes. There were increases in serum concentrations of UN at 3 and 15 days (50000 ppm dose groups), and increases in activities of serum ALT at 3 days (6250 to 50000 ppm groups) and in serum GGT at all time points (50000 ppm and lower dose groups at 15 days). Urine volume in male rats was increased in animals at 15 days and 12 weeks (50000 ppm group), and specific gravity was increased at 3 days and decreased at 12 weeks (50000 ppm) (Appendix B).
In female rats, there were increases in HCT, HGB concentration, MCHC, and RBC count at 3 days in animals treated with 6250 to 50000 ppm HMB (25000 and 50000 ppm for MCHC). Other hematologic findings included decreases in HGB concentration at 15 days and decreases in MCV at 3 days and 12 weeks. Significant changes in serum enzyme activities in treated female rats included minimal to mild increases in ALT at 3 days (25000 and 50000 ppm) and in SDH at 12 weeks (all treatment groups). GGT increased in female rats at 15 days (25000 and 50000 ppm) and 12 weeks (all treatment groups). Urine volume was increased in female rats at 15 days and 12 weeks (50000 ppm), and specific gravity was increased at 3 days (25000 and 50000 ppm).
In reproductive system evaluations, a significant decrease in epididymal sperm density and a non-significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm were observed in male rats. An increase in the length of the estrous cycle was seen in female rats receiving the highest concentration of HMB in the diet (Appendix C).
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 6 250 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: attributable to microscopic kidney lessions
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 393 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: ppm values were converted to mg/kg bw/d by study authors based on actual chemical consumed and separately for females and males (converted from 6250 ppm)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 429 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: ppm values were converted to mg/kg bw/d by study authors based on actual chemical consumed and separately for females and males (converted from 6250 ppm)
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
In male rats at 50000 ppm (3656 mg/kg bw/d) sperm count per 'g' caudal tissue was significantly decreased. There were no treatment related effects for sperm mobility and incidence of abnormal sperm. In females there was no apparent effect on estrual cyclicity. The length of the estruous cycle in the 50000 ppm (3261 mg/kg bw/d) dose group however was significantly longer than in the control group.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The NOAEL in this study was set to 6250 ppm (i.e. 393 mg/kg bw/d for females and 429 mg/kg bw/d for males) and was mainly based on microscopic kidney lessions observed at mid dose range.
- Executive summary:
In summary, administration of HMB was associated with effects on the liver, kidney, and reproductive organs of rats and mice. Although these effects were observed primarily in dietary studies at concentrations that also affected body weight gain, these effects are considered to be tissue specific and dose-responsive. A no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for microscopic kidney lesions was 25000 ppm HMB in the feed for mice and 6250 ppm for rats. An apparently reversible enlargement and cytoplasmic vacuolization of the livers of rats and mice was noted at dietary concentrations of 6250 ppm and above.
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