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EC number: 222-468-7 | CAS number: 3483-12-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 24 - 31 March 2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 020
- Report date:
- 2020
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 13 April 2004
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
- Version / remarks:
- 30 May 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- (R*,R*)-1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol
- EC Number:
- 222-468-7
- EC Name:
- (R*,R*)-1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol
- Cas Number:
- 3483-12-3
- Molecular formula:
- C4H10O2S2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,4-disulfanylbutane-2,3-diol
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Batch no.: 44606300 / 50774
Storage conditions: 2–8°C, under nitrogen
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples were taken from all test media at the start of the test as well as after 24 hours in the fresh and old media and after 48 hours of exposure. In the fresh test media, the samples were taken from the freshly prepared test solutions as well as from the pure test water serving as control. In the aged test media, aliquots from the respective replicates were pooled before sampling.
All samples were diluted with acetonitrile containing 1.0% conc. phosphoric acid to obtain a composition of sample:acetonitrile (9:1; v:v) containing 0.1% conc. phosphoric acid. Subsequently, the samples were stored deep-frozen (at about -20 °C) until analysis or analysed directly without storage. In non-GLP preliminary experiments, the test item proved to be stable under these storage conditions.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
The following test vessels were set up:
- Test solution (Tn); containing test water with test item (four replicates with five Daphnia each)
- Blank control (Bn); containing pure test water (four replicates with five Daphnia each)
- Since the test item is soluble, the test solutions were prepared by respective dilutions of a suitable stock solution, which was prepared by adding 100 mg/l of the test item to test water and stirring until dissolution. The respective dilutions of this stock solution were then prepared with test water. Pure test water served as blank controls.
The test vessels were filled with 50 ml of the respective test medium. Daphnia, aged less than 24 hours and already acclimatised to the test water, were introduced into the test media and the vessels were covered with a glass plate. The Daphnia were not fed during the test and the test vessels were not aerated.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISMS
- Test organism: Daphnia magna Straus, supplied by IES Ltd., 4108 Witterswil, Switzerland
- Breeding: The daphnids are cultivated in Elendt M4 medium at 18–22 °C, controlled at ±1 °C
- Illumination: 16 h per day, about 550-1100 lux, source: overhead white fluorescent tubes
- Medium: Reconstituted water (Elendt M4 medium)
- Feed: Suspension of Desmodesmus subspicatus in Elendt M4 medium with an optical density OD6
80 of about 12 units. This results in a final concentration of about 0.1 units from Monday to Thursday
and 0.4 units on Fridays in the culture vessel.
Study design
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- 2.5 mM (based on the sum of Ca2+ and Mg2+), Carbonate Alkalinity: 0.8 mM
- Test temperature:
- 18–22°C, controlled at ±1 °C
- pH:
- 7.0 to 7.7
- Dissolved oxygen:
- The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the controls and the test vessels at the end of each 24 h-period was >=8.1 mg O2/l (required >=3 mg O2/l).
- Salinity:
- not reported
- Conductivity:
- not reported
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The concentrations of the test item (DTT) as well as its oxidation product (ox. DTT) in the test media were analysed by HPLC with UV detection in samples from the test start as well as in the samples after 24 hours (fresh and old test media) and 48 hours of exposure.
The test item was correctly dosed in both 24-hour test intervals, but degradation set in very quickly. After 24 hours of exposure, DTT seems to have completely transformed into ox. DTT in all test concentrations with ox. DTT recoveries based on nominal test item concentrations of 93-103%.
Based on the results of the non-GLP preliminary tests, the test item itself as well as its degradation products have been shown to exhibit toxic properties. As it is not possible to distinguish the exact proportions to which each species contributed and also taking into account combined toxicity effects, the effective concentrations ECx were assessed based on the nominal concentrations of the test item. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100 ml beakers, all-glass, with 50 ml of test medium,covered with a glass plate to avoid evaporation and contamination of the test solutions with dust
- Test medium: Elendt M4 medium; prepared with ultra-pure water (conductivity <1.5 µS/cm)
- Number of Daphnia: 20 individuals per test concentration, five per vessel
- Age: Less than 24 h
- Light: 116 hours photoperiod per day, about 550–1100 lux, supplied by overhead white fluorescent tubes
- Temperature: 18–22 °C, controlled at ±1 °C
- pH: 6 to 9. The pH should normally not vary by more than 1.5 units in one test.
- Feed: The Daphnia are not fed during the test
- Test type: Semi-static exposure conditions; renewal of test medium after 24 h of exposure
- Test duration: 48 h
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
Prior to the definitive test a non-GLP range finding test with nominal concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 mg/l of of the test item molecule (DTT) as well as the formation of a degradation product (oxidised DTT) was performed (two replicates for each of the test concentration and the control; five daphnids per replicate).
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
Observed immobility (inability to swim) of the daphnids: Observations of immobile Daphnia were made after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Any abnormal behaviour or appearance was reported. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Acute reference test with potassium dichromate conducted twice a year
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 34.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 25 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 59.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 25 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- After 24 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 90% at 100 mg/l and 35% at 50 mg/l. No immobilised daphnids were observed at all lower test concentrations or in the control.
The 24-h EC50 of 1,4-Dithiothreitol to Daphnia magna was calculated to be 59.8 mg/l (95% confidence interval: 49.9–72.0 mg/l). These ECx values were computed using a linear regression.
The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) after 24 hours was determined to be 25.0 mg/l.
After 48 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 100% at 100 and 50 mg/l. No immobilised daphnids were observed at all lower test concentrations or in the control.
The 48-h EC50 of 1,4-Dithiothreitol to Daphnia magna was calculated to be 34.8 mg/l (95% confidence interval: 31.2–38.9 mg/l). These ECx values were computed using a linear regression.
The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) after 48 hours was determined to be 25.0 mg/l. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Acute ref. test with K2Cr2O7 conducted twice a year. The EC50 value for the control of sensitivity for 24 h of exposure with K2Cr2O7 was estimated to be 0.89 mg/l (29.6.2016), which lies within the recomm. range of 0.6–2.1 mg/l acc. to OECD Guideline 202.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The effective concentration EC50 for 24 and 48 hours was estimated based on the concentration tested and immobilisation observed.
The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) is the highest test concentration for which the test item is observed to have an immobilisation rate not exceeding 10%. Thus, immobilisation rates >10% are considered to be significant.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- All validity criteria i.e. immobilization in the controls <=10% and O2 concentrations at the end of the test >=3 mg/L were fulfilled.
- Conclusions:
- The acute toxicity of 1,4-Dithiotreitol (CAS no. 3483-12-3) to Daphnia magna was determined in a 48 hour semi-static test according to OECD guideline 202. The median effect concentrations (EC50) of 1,4-Dithiotreitol on Daphnia magna were estimated to be 59.8 mg/l and 34.8 mg/l nominal concentration after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. The NOEC values were determined to be 25 mg/l each nominal concentration after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. The results of the test can be considered reliable without restriction.
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of 1,4-Dithiothreitol (CAS no. 3483-12-3) to Daphnia magna was investigated according to the OECD guideline 202 under semi-static exposure conditions over a period of 48 hours.
The test item 1,4-Dithiothreitol is solid, 99.3% m/m pure and soluble in test water up to at least 100 mg/l. Consequently, the test solutions were prepared by respective dilutions of a stock solution with nominal test item concentrations of 100, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/l.
The concentrations of the test item (DTT) as well as its oxidation product (ox. DTT) in the test media were analysed by HPLC with UV detection in samples from the test start as well as in the samples after 24 hours (fresh and old test media) and 48 hours of exposure. The test item was correctly dosed in both 24-hour test intervals, but degradation set in very quickly. After 24 hours of exposure, DTT seems to have completely transformed into ox. DTT in all test concentrations with ox. DTT recoveries based on nominal test item concentrations of 93-103%. The test item itself as well as its degradation products have been shown to exhibit toxic properties in non-GLP preliminary tests. Therefore, the effective concentrations ECx were assessed based on the nominal concentrations of the test item, as it is not possible to distinguish the exact proportions to which each species contributed and also taking into account combined toxicity effects.
After 24 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 90% at 100 mg/l and 35% at 50 mg/l. No immobilised daphnids were observed at all lower test concentrations or in the control.
After 48 hours of exposure, the following immobilisation rates were observed: 100% at 100 and 50 mg/l. No immobilised daphnids were observed at all lower test concentrations or in the control.
The biological test results of 1,4-Dithiothreitol to Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours of exposure are summarised in the following table based on the nominal concentrations:
Parameter Immobilisation (0-24 h)
[mg/l]
Immobilisation (0-48 h)
[mg/l]
EC50 59.8 34.8 NOEC 25.0 25.0 In conclusion, the 1,4-Dithiothreitol (CAS no. 3483-12-3) had toxic effects on Daphnia magna. The 48-hour EC50 was calculated to be 34.8 mg/l nominal concentration.
All validity criteria were fulfilled.
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