High-temperature calcination products of diiron trioxide and amorphous silica resulting in a glassy silica matrix

Monitoring data

Administrative data

Endpoint:

monitoring data

Type of information:

other: report

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Data source

Reference

Reference 1

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2005

Report date:

2005

Reference 2

Reference Type:

other: GEMAS database

Title:

Chemistry of Europe’s agricultural soils - Part A: Methodology and interpretation of the GEMAS data set.

Author:

Reimann et al.

Year:

2014

Reference 3

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2021

Report date:

2021

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline required

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Evaluation and summary of high quality environmental geochemical data for Europe, which is provided by the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) and the European Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil (GEMAS), with respect to silicon concentrations in stream water, stream sediment and topsoil, as well as in agricultural soil and grazing land.

GLP compliance:

no

Type of measurement:

other: Geochemical background and ambient silicon concentrations in different environmental compartments across Europe

Media:

other: Natural stream water, stream sediment and topsoil, as well as agricultural and grazing land soils

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

not applicable

IUPAC Name:

not applicable

Test material form:

other: elemental concentrations

Details on test material:

naturally occuring silicon

Study design

Details on sampling:

FOREGS and GEMAS data for EU-27 countries plus UK and Norway were considered, i.e. data from non-EEA countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Switzerland were excluded from further analysis.

FOREGS:
- The FOREGS sampling grid was based on GTN grid cells developed for Global Geochemical Baseline mapping. This grid divides the entire land surface into 160 km x 160 km cells covering an area of 4,500,000 km2.
- Sampling methodology, preparation and analysis are described by Salminen et al. (2005).
- FOREGS data for EU-27 countries plus UK and Norway were considered, i.e. data from non-EEA countries such as Albania and Switzerland were excluded from further analysis.
- A total of 795 stream water samples of silicon dioxide and 839 sediment samples of silicon dioxide were processed in the FOREGS-program, including 743 paired samples, i.e. samples with the same coordinates for the sampling location of stream water and sediment.
- The FOREGS dataset reports silicon/silicon dioxide concentrations for 833 topsoil samples sampled on a grid across Europe. A topsoil sample was taken at each site from 0-25 cm (excluding material from the organic layer where present).
- Reported silicon dioxide concentrations were converted into silicon concentrations.
- High quality and consistency of the obtained data were ensured by using standardised sampling methods and by treating and analysing all samples in the same laboratory of each country.

GEMAS:
- Samples from 33 out of 38 European countries were analysed to develop a suitable harmonised geochemical data base for soils. The sampling started in the spring 2008 and the first four months of 2009.
- The whole GEMAS project area of 5,600,000 km2 was divided into a grid with 50 km x 50 km cells.
- To generate harmonised data sets, all project samples were processed by a central sample preparation facility in Slovakia.
- GEMAS data for EU-27 countries plus UK and Norway were considered, i.e. data from non-EEA countries such as Bosnia and Switzerland were excluded from further analysis.
- The GEMAS dataset reports silicon concentrations of 1,867 samples from the regularly ploughed layer (Ap-horizon) of agricultural land (arable land; 0 - 20 cm) and of 1,781 samples from the top layer of grazing land (soil under permanent grass cover; 0 - 10 cm) sampled on a grid across Europe.

Results and discussion

Any other information on results incl. tables

FOREGS DATABASE STREAM WATER/SEDIMENT:

- Sampled stream water and sediments cover a wide range of environmental conditions. Water parameters such as pH, hardness and organic carbon concentrations extend over several magnitudes. Silicon water levels range from 0.05 to 33.7 mg/L with 5^th, 50^th and 95^th percentiles of 0.8, 3.7 and 8.7 mg/L, respectively.

- In the sediment, silicon concentrations range from 11,691.1 to 439,586.6 mg/kg with 5^th, 50^th and 95^th percentiles of 161,384.4, 290,875.4 and 385,246.2 mg/kg, respectively (Table 1).

- Taking into account the high quality and representativeness of the data set, the 95^th percentile of 8.7 mg/L can be regarded as representative background concentration for dissolved silicon in European surface waters and the 95^th percentile of 385,246.2 mg/kg as representative background concentration of silicon in European stream sediments.

- Regarding the partitioning of silicon in the water column, stream water/sediment partition coefficients range from 7,056 to 5,290,000 L/kg. Since FOREGS sampled on a grid aiming to equally represent geochemical baseline concentrations across Europe, a European median log K_p value of 4.87 is derived.

Table 1: Water parameters and silicon/silicon dioxide concentrations of stream sediment and stream water and respective partitioning.

	Parameter	#	Unit	Min.	Max.	5^thP	50^thP
water	pH ^1	735 ^2	-	9.80	4.50	8.50	7.70
water	Ca	743	mg/L	0.23	592.00	1.64	42.70
water	Cl	743	mg/L	0.14	4,560.00	0.49	9.32
water	HCO3	741 ^3	mg/L	0.69	1,804.42	5.36	131.67
water	K	743	mg/L	< 0.01	182.00	0.15	1.64
water	Mg	743	mg/L	0.05	230.00	0.46	6.22
water	Na	743	mg/L	0.23	4,030.00	1.00	6.76
water	NO3	743	mg/L	< 0.04	107.00	< 0.04	3.10
water	DOC	741 ^4	mg/L	< 0.50	57.94	0.60	4.79
water	SO4^2-	743	mg/L	< 0.30	2,420.00	1.18	17.10
water	SiO2	743	mg/L	0.10	72.00	1.66	8.00
water	Si ^5	743	mg/L	0.05	33.67	0.78	3.74
sediment	SiO2	743	%	2.50	94.00	34.51	62.20
sediment	Si ^5	743	mg/kg	11,691.13	439,586.58	161,384.39	290,875.37
Partitioning (Kp)	Si (sed/water)	743	L/kg	7,056	5,290,000	26,762	73,789
Log Kp	Si (sed/water)	743	-	3.85	6.72	4.43	4.87

¹ Statistics are based on H⁺ concentrations rather than pH.

² Removal of 2 outliers < pH 4.3 and 6 negative values.

³ Removal of 2 outliers < 0.01.

⁴ Removal of 1 outlier > 70 mg/L and 1 negative values.

⁵ Values converted from SiO₂.

FOREGS DATABASE Background soil concentrations

- Sampled soils cover a wide range of environmental conditions. Soil parameters, including pH and TOC, cover several magnitudes.

- Baseline silicon levels in topsoil range from 6,874.4 to 452,306.5 mg/kg with 5^th, 50^th and 95^th percentiles of 159,055.5, 317,531.2 and 415,680.6 mg/kg, respectively (see Table 2)

- Taking into account the high quality and representativeness of the data set, the 95^th percentile of 415,680.6 mg/kg can be regarded as representative background concentration of silicon in topsoil of EU countries.

Table 2: Concentrations of silicon/silicon dioxide in topsoil samples.

Parameter	Unit	#	Min.	Max.	5^thP	50^thP	95^thP
pH ^1	-	802	7.55	3.38	7.31	5.49	4.28
TOC	%	799	0.07	46.61	0.56	1.72	5.86
SiO2	%	833	1.47	96.72	34.01	67.90	88.89
Si ^2	mg/kg	833	6,874.4	452,306.5	159,055.5	317,531.2	415,680.6

¹ Statistics are based on H⁺ concentrations rather than pH.

² Values converted from SiO₂.

GEMAS DATABASE AGRICULTURAL AND GRAZING LAND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS:

- Silicon levels of agricultural soil range from 11,499.0 to 448,274.0 mg/kg with 5^th, 50^th and 95^th percentiles of 156,447.5, 311,829.0 and 417,708.0 mg/kg, respectively (see Table 3). In grazing land, soil concentrations of silicon range from 7,058.0 to 450,293.0 mg/kg with 5^th, 50^th and 95^th percentiles of 133,489.0, 299,650.0 and 409,396.0 mg/kg, respectively (see Table 4)

Table 3: Agricultural soil concentrations.

Parameter	Unit	Method	#	Min.	Max.	5^th P	50^th P	95^th P
CEC	meq/100g	AAS	1,867	1.80	48.30	6.10	15.80	33.30
pH (CaCl2)	pH	pH-meter	1,867	3.32	7.98	4.14	5.71	7.45
TOC	%	IR	1,854	0.40	46.00	0.70	1.70	5.67
Silicon	mg/kg	XRF	1,867	11,499.00	448,274.00	156,447.50	311,829.00	417,708.00

Table 4: Grazing land soil concentrations.

Parameter	Unit	Method	#	Min.	Max.	5^thP	50^thP	95^thP
CEC	meq/100g	AAS	1,781	2.54	49.88	8.27	17.96	37.74
pH (CaCl2)	pH	pH-meter	1,780	3.26	8.06	4.03	5.38	7.45
TOC	%	IR	1,780	0.41	49.00	0.94	2.80	11.05
Silicon	mg/kg	XRF	1,781	7,058.00	450,293.00	133,489.00	299,650.00	409,396.00

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Representative background or ambient concentrations of silicon/silicion dioxide in environmental compartments are tabulated below.

compartment, unit, concentration (50th P), concentration (95th P)
background stream water, mg/L SiO2, 8.0, 18.6
background stream water, mg/L Si, 3.7*, 8.7*
background stream water sediment, % SiO2, 62.2, 82.4
background stream water sediment, mg/kg Si, 290,875.4*, 385,246.2*
background topsoil, % SiO2, 67.9, 88.9
background topsoil, mg/kg Si, 317,531.2*, 415,680.6*
agricultural soil, mg/kg Si, 311,829.0, 417,708.0
grazing land soil, mg/kg Si, 299,650.0, 409,396.0
* based on measured SiO2.

Based on the FOREGS dataset, the 95th percentile of 8.7 mg/L can be regarded as representative background concentration of dissolved silicon in European surface waters and the 95th percentile of 385,246.2 mg/kg as representative background concentration of European stream sediments. Regarding the respective partitioning between sediment and water, a European median log Kp value of 4.87 is derived.

Based on the FOREGS dataset, the 95th percentile of 415,680.6 mg/kg can be regarded as representative background concentration of silicon in topsoil of EU countries. Representative silicon concentrations (95th percentile) of agricultural and grazing land soil (i.e. ambient levels) amount to 417,708.0 and 409,396.0 mg/kg, respectively, according to the GEMAS dataset.