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Ecotoxicological information

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Reference
Endpoint:
long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
July 24, 2013 - Feb 13, 2014
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
Version / remarks:
2012
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Analytical monitoring:
no
Details on sampling:
No analytical monitoring was performed during the test period, because the test item has a very low water solubility and is therefore not quantifiable in the tested saturated solution in sufficient manner, even with enrichment of the samples.
Vehicle:
yes
Remarks:
Elendt M4, according too ELENDT (1990), modified to a total hardness of 160 to 180 mg CaCO3/L
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: A saturated solution (100 mg/L) was prepared with dilution water one day before start of each exposure interval. The test item (100 mg/L) was tranferred with an appropriate amount of the dilution water into brown glass flask and shaken overhead with 20 rpm for 24 hours at room temperature. Undissolved test item was removed by filtration with a membrane filter (0.45 µm, RC, Machery-Nagel).
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Strain/clone: Daphnia magna Straus (Clone 5)
- Source: lnstitut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene (WaBolu)
- Breeder: DR.U. NOACK-LABORATORIEN, Kathe-Paulus-Str. 1, 31157 Sarstedt, Germany
- Feeding during test: Daily feeding per test vessel with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (0.165 - 0.219 mL) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (0.228 - 0.922 mL) suspension was provided as food corresponding to 0.2 mg C per Daphnia and day.

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: At least 2 h in dilution water
- Acclimation conditions: same as test
- Type and amount of food: At least 5 times per week ad libitum with a mix of unicellular green algae, e.g. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Desmodesmus subspicatus, with an algae cell density of > 10^6 cells/mL.
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
yes
Total exposure duration:
21 d
Hardness:
153 - 180 mg/L CaCO3
Test temperature:
20.6 - 21.6 °C
pH:
7.59 - 8.59
Dissolved oxygen:
5.21 - 9.53 mg/L
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentration: 100 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Glass beakers 100 mL capacity
- Type : open
- Renewal rate of test solution: renewal 3 times per week, i.e. after 48 and 72 hours
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Culture medium Elendt M4, according to ELENDT ( 1990), modified to a total hardness of 160 to 180 mg CaCO3/L
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: once within 7 days

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16/8 h light/dark cycle
- Light intensity: Max. 20 µE m-2 s-1

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study: A non GLP preliminary range finding test was carried out at the test facility as acute immobilisation test to Daphnia magna STRAUS. A limit loading rate of 100 mg/L of the test item was tested under static conditions over a period of 48 h and no immobilisation was seen.
Reference substance (positive control):
yes
Remarks:
A reference test using potassium dichromate was conducted as an acute immobilisation test (acc. to DIN 38412 L11 and AQS P 9/2) under static conditions with a test duration of 24 h once per month.
Key result
Duration:
21 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
100 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Key result
Duration:
21 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
100 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mortality
Details on results:
No analytical monitoring was performed during the test period, because the test item has very low water solubility and is therefore not quantifiable in the tested saturated solution in sufficient manner, even with enrichment of the samples. The water solubility of the test item was estimated by calculation with EPISuite developed by EPA to be < 0.28 µg/L. The limit of quantification of the used HPLC-DAD system was set to be 0.2 mg/L and is obviously much higher than the estimated water solubility. Even an enrichment of the samples by factor 1000 is not sufficient enough so that the test item cannot be determined above the LOQ. Higher enrichment factors are actually not practicable because of the high volumes of the saturated solution needed for enrichment. Therefore, a HPLC standard method with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy could not be established.

The nominal loading level of the test item of 100 mg/L was used for the assessment of the effect levels.

The average value of living juveniles per parental daphnid was 81 for the control and 78 for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L after 21 days. The reproductive output of daphnids at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L was therefore comparable to the reproductive output of daphnids in the control (t-test, p = 0.05).

The coefficient of variation of the number of living offspring produced per parent was 10 % for the control and 9 % for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Generally in a well-run test, the coefficient of variation around the mean number of living offspring per parent animal should be <= 25 %.

The intrinsic rates of natural increase (IR) of the surviving parental daphnids accounting for generation time and number of offspring were used for calculation of population growth and maintenance.

No adult mortality was observed during the test period of 21 days. In the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and in the control, all parental daphnids survived until the end of the test after 21 days.

The first brood was released between days 8 and 9 by all parental daphnids of the control and the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Four broods were produced by all parental daphnids in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control.

The mean dry body weight and total body length of all parental daphnids of the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control were determined at the end of the study. The mean dry body weight of the parental daphnids was 0.82 mg per daphnid for the control and 0.77 mg per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. The mean body length of the parental daphnids was 4.98 mm per daphnid for the control and 5.18 mm per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.

No stillborn juveniles or aborted eggs were observed in the control during the exposure period of 21 days. Only one aborted egg was observed at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L during the exposure rate.

No males or ephippia (winter eggs) were observed in the control or in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.

Water quality parameters (i.e. pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, total water hardness and temperature) were within the acceptable limits.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
The EC50 of the reference item potassium dichromate was 1.68 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 1.65 - 1.70 mg/L) after 24 hours and therefore within the prescribed concentration range of 0.6 - 2.4 mg/L of quality criteria according to AQS P 9/2 (02/2000) for daphnids clone 5 cultured in Elendt M4 medium. The EC50-value of the reference item is also within the recommended range of 0.6 - 2.1 mg/L according to OECD-Guideline 202.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
At the saturated solution of the test item prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, no biologically or statistically significant effects on the reproductive performance were determined. Based on the nominal loading level of the test item, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was 100 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The Daphnia magna reproduction test was conducted as a limit test with a saturated solution of the test item, prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, according to OECCD 211. The test species was Daphnia magna STRAUS (Clone 5). Ten daphnids individually held were used for the saturated solution and the control. At the start of the exposure, the daphnids were 2 to 24 h old. The test method was semi-static with the renewal of the test solutions three times per week. The aim of the Daphnia reproduction test over 21 days was to assess effects on the reproduction capacity and the other test item-related effects on the parameters such as intrinsic rate of the natural increase, occurrence of aborted eggs and stillborn juveniles, time of release of the first brood, adult mortality, dry body wight and body length of the parental daphnids.


No analytical monitoring was performed during the test period, because the test item has very low water solubility and is therefore not quantifiable in the tested saturated solution in sufficient manner, even with enrichment of the samples. The water solubility of the test item was estimated by calculation with EPISuite developed by EPA to be < 0.28 µg/L. The limit of quantification of the used HPLC-DAD system was set to be 0.2 mg/L and is obviously much higher than the estimated water solubility. Even an enrichment of the samples by factor 1000 is not sufficient enough so that the test item cannot be determined above the LOQ. Higher enrichment factors are actually not practicable because of the high volumes of the saturated solution needed for enrichment. Therefore, a HPLC standard method with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy could not be established.


The nominal loading level of the test item of 100 mg/L was used for the assessment of the effect levels.


The average value of living juveniles per parental daphnid was 81 for the control and 78 for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L after 21 days. The reproductive output of daphnids at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L was therefore comparable to the reproductive output of daphnids in the control (t-test, p = 0.05).


The coefficient of variation of the number of living offspring produced per parent was 10 % for the control and 9 % for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Generally, in a well-run test, the coefficient of variation around the mean number of living offspring per parent animal should be <= 25 %.


The intrinsic rates of natural increase (IR) of the surviving parental daphnids accounting for generation time and number of offspring were used for calculation of population growth and maintenance.


No adult mortality was observed during the test period of 21 days. In the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and in the control, all parental daphnids survived until the end of the test after 21 days.


The first brood was released between days 8 and 9 by all parental daphnids of the control and the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Four broods were produced by all parental daphnids in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control.


The mean dry body weight and total body length of all parental daphnids of the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control were determined at the end of the study. The mean dry body weight of the parental daphnids was 0.82 mg per daphnid for the control and 0.77 mg per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. The mean body length of the parental daphnids was 4.98 mm per daphnid for the control and 5.18 mm per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.


No stillborn juveniles or aborted eggs were observed in the control during the exposure period of 21 days. Only one aborted egg was observed at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L during the exposure rate.


No males or ephippia (winter eggs) were observed in the control or in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.


Water quality parameters (i.e. pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, total water hardness and temperature) were within the acceptable limits.


In order to prove the validity of the test system and test conditions of the test facility, an acute immobilization test according to DIN 38412 L 11 is monthly carried out with potassium dichromate. The EC50 of the reference item potassium dichromate was 1.68 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 1.65 - 1.70 mg/L) after 24 hours and therefore within the prescribed concentration range of 0.6 - 2.4 mg/L of quality criteria according to AQS P 9/2 (02/2000) for daphnids clone 5 cultured in Elendt M4 medium. The EC50-value of the reference item was also within the recommended range of 0.6 - 2.1 mg/L according to OECD-Guideline 202.


At the saturated solution of the test item prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, no biologically or statistically significant effects on the reproductive performance were determined. Based on the nominal loading level of the test item, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was 100 mg/L.

Description of key information

At the saturated solution of the test item prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, no biologically or statistically significant effects on the reproductive performance were determined. Based on the nominal loading level of the test item, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was 100 mg/L.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect concentration:
100 mg/L

Additional information

The Daphnia magna reproduction test was conducted as a limit test with a saturated solution of the test item, prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, according to OECCD 211. The test species was Daphnia magna STRAUS (Clone 5). Ten daphnids individually held were used for the saturated solution and the control. At the start of the exposure, the daphnids were 2 to 24 h old. The test method was semi-static with the renewal of the test solutions three times per week. The aim of the Daphnia reproduction test over 21 days was to assess effects on the reproduction capacity and the other test item-related effects on the parameters such as intrinsic rate of the natural increase, occurrence of aborted eggs and stillborn juveniles, time of release of the first brood, adult mortality, dry body wight and body length of the parental daphnids.


No analytical monitoring was performed during the test period, because the test item has very low water solubility and is therefore not quantifiable in the tested saturated solution in sufficient manner, even with enrichment of the samples. The water solubility of the test item was estimated by calculation with EPISuite developed by EPA to be < 0.28 µg/L. The limit of quantification of the used HPLC-DAD system was set to be 0.2 mg/L and is obviously much higher than the estimated water solubility. Even an enrichment of the samples by factor 1000 is not sufficient enough so that the test item cannot be determined above the LOQ. Higher enrichment factors are actually not practicable because of the high volumes of the saturated solution needed for enrichment. Therefore, a HPLC standard method with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy could not be established.


The nominal loading level of the test item of 100 mg/L was used for the assessment of the effect levels.


The average value of living juveniles per parental daphnid was 81 for the control and 78 for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L after 21 days. The reproductive output of daphnids at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L was therefore comparable to the reproductive output of daphnids in the control (t-test, p = 0.05).


The coefficient of variation of the number of living offspring produced per parent was 10 % for the control and 9 % for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Generally, in a well-run test, the coefficient of variation around the mean number of living offspring per parent animal should be <= 25 %.


The intrinsic rates of natural increase (IR) of the surviving parental daphnids accounting for generation time and number of offspring were used for calculation of population growth and maintenance.


No adult mortality was observed during the test period of 21 days. In the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and in the control, all parental daphnids survived until the end of the test after 21 days.


The first brood was released between days 8 and 9 by all parental daphnids of the control and the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. Four broods were produced by all parental daphnids in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control.


The mean dry body weight and total body length of all parental daphnids of the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L and the control were determined at the end of the study. The mean dry body weight of the parental daphnids was 0.82 mg per daphnid for the control and 0.77 mg per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L. The mean body length of the parental daphnids was 4.98 mm per daphnid for the control and 5.18 mm per daphnid for the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.


No stillborn juveniles or aborted eggs were observed in the control during the exposure period of 21 days. Only one aborted egg was observed at the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L during the exposure rate.


No males or ephippia (winter eggs) were observed in the control or in the nominal loading level of 100 mg/L.


Water quality parameters (i.e. pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, total water hardness and temperature) were within the acceptable limits.


In order to prove the validity of the test system and test conditions of the test facility, an acute immobilization test according to DIN 38412 L 11 is monthly carried out with potassium dichromate. The EC50 of the reference item potassium dichromate was 1.68 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 1.65 - 1.70 mg/L) after 24 hours and therefore within the prescribed concentration range of 0.6 - 2.4 mg/L of quality criteria according to AQS P 9/2 (02/2000) for daphnids clone 5 cultured in Elendt M4 medium. The EC50-value of the reference item was also within the recommended range of 0.6 - 2.1 mg/L according to OECD-Guideline 202.


At the saturated solution of the test item prepared with a nominal loading of 100 mg/L, no biologically or statistically significant effects on the reproductive output were determined. Based on the nominal loading level of the test item, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was 100 mg/L.