1,4-Benzenedisulfonic acid, 2,2'-[1,2-ethenediylbis[(3-sulfo-4,1-phenylene)imino[6-[3-substituted-heteroalkyl]-1,3,5-triazine-4,2-diyl]imino]]bis-, sodium salt

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Oral NOAEL: 521 mg/kg bw/day (chronic, rat).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

chronic toxicity: oral

Remarks:

combined repeated dose and carcinogenicity

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Comparable to guideline study.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 453 (Combined Chronic Toxicity / Carcinogenicity Studies)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Winkelmann, Borchen, Germany
- Age at study initiation: 28 - 32 days old
- Weight at study initiation: 48 g, average at the start
- Housing: individually, in Macrolon cages (Type 2)
- Diet: ad libitum, weekly fresh Altromin R-powder feed
- Water: ad libitum, tap water

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 24 ± 1 °C

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on oral exposure:

DIET PREPARATION
Mixing appropriate amounts with: Altromin R-Pulverfutter (Altromin GmbH, Lage/Lippe, Germany)

Duration of treatment / exposure:

24 months.

Frequency of treatment:

daily

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 1000, 10000 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet

No. of animals per sex per dose:

50 males and 50 females per dose
100 animals in control group

Control animals:

yes, plain diet

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS
The experimental animals were inspected daily and occurring changes and symptoms recorded.

BODY WEIGHT
The body weight of the animals was determined weekly up to 6 months; after that, the weight determination was carried out at intervals of 14 days.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE
The weekly feed consumption was determined by reweighing.

HAEMATOLOGY
The blood tests included: determination of the hemoglobin content by cyanhaemiglobin, determination of the hematocrit with a micro-hematocrit centrifuge, calculation of the mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content of the (MCH), count of reticulocytes after staining
with brilliant cresyl blue, thrombocytes (platelet) count in a Coulter Counter (model FN), assessment of complete blood count based on smears at 630 times magnification, at end of test determination of the prothrombin time.
The blood sugar determinations were made colorimetrically and enzymatically with glucose oxidase-peroxidase; the cholesterol determination was also performed.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Clinical laboratory investigations were conducted in 5 male and 5 female rats in each dose at 1, 5, 6 and male 12 months; at the end of the experiment, the analysis were conducted to 10 male and female rats.
To test the liver function following enzymes in heparin plasma were determined: Alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase.

URINALYSIS
The urine was collected in a 16-hour collection period; the semi-quantitatively determinations of glucose, protein, blood and pH were performed.
Microscopic examinations were performed sediment after centrifugation of urine. For examination of renal function, we determined urea and creatinine.

Sacrifice and pathology:

SACRIFICE
At the end of the experiment all survivors animals were anesthetized with ether and killed by exsanguination.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
The rats dead during the experiment and the rats sacrified at the end were dissected and examined macroscopically.
The weights of the following organs were determined: thyroid, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes and ovaries.

HISTOPATHOLOGY
The following organs were fixed in Bouin solution, embedded in Paraplast and stained using hematoxylin-eosin (HE): aorta, eyes, small and large intestine, urinary bladder, heart, testis, pituitary gland, salivary gland, liver, lung, lymph nodes, stomach, spleen, epididymis, adrenal glands, kidneys, femur, esophagus, Ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, seminal vesicles, thyroid, skeletal muscle, sternum, trachea, brain, and uterus.
In addition kidney sections were subjected by these rats of the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) reaction. The decalcification of the bones was performed in Ethylanadinitrilotetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (EDTA).
In addition, tumor suspicious changes were evaluated in the same way the histopathological analysis.

Statistics:

The values ​​of the collective test the investigated doses were compared with the control group with the significance test, U-test according to Mann, Whitney and Wilcoxon on the significance level of α = 5 % and α = 1 %.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

comparable with the control group

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence):

comparable with the control group

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

no significant differences

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

nevertheless the differences from the control are limitated and random

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

no evidence of treatment related changes in both rats dead before the end of the experiment and the rats killed at the end of the test

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

substance-related histopathological changes were not observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

tumors not treatment-related

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
During the experimental period no differeces in appearance and behavior between treated groups and control were noted. Furthermore no differences in the vividness and coat condition were observed.
Mortality of the dosed groups is comparable to that recorded into the control group.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Comparable in all groups: the bodyweight curve trend of both males and females is graphically superimposable to that traced by the trend of the control group.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE
No difference from the control group were recorded in food and drink consumption in all dosed groups.

HAEMATOLOGY
At the 1st month: differences from the control in the hemoglobin and hematocrit content (P < 0.05) were recorded only in the treated males rats groups of doses 100 and 1000 ppm (non dose-dependent); erythrocytes, the number of red blood cells, reticulocytes, white blood cells and platelets, MCH in value and mean cell volume (MCV) were not affected. All the females groups treated did no showed any difference.
At the 3rd month: the only differences from the control were recorded in the erytrocytes and thrombocytes (both P < 0.05) in the male rats group dosed at 1000 ppm.
At the 6th month: a decrease non dose-dependent in the leucocytes count was recorded in the male rats group dosed at 100 ppm (P < 0.05), in comparison with the control group. No difference was recorded in all the other treated groups.
At the 12th month: a decrease in the monocytes (P < 0.05) was observed in the males group dosed at 100 ppm. No other parameter, in no other group was affetcted.
At the 24th month: at the experiment conclusion only the number of reticulocytes in the male rats dosed at 1000 and 10,000 ppm was significantly lower than in the control animals. The rest parameters are missing significant and dose-dependent differences. All the rest of parameters are missing significant and dose-dependent differences. In the analysis of complete blood count, no treatment-related changes in the leukocyte blood count at the dose levels up to 10,000 ppm were observed.
Non pathological range blood sugar or cholesterol levels were determined at the dosed groups up to 10,000 ppm.

CLINICAL CHEMESTRY
At the 1st month the activity of GOT and GPT transaminases was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in male rats of the dose group of 10,000 ppm. In female rats, the GPT activity was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in groups at 1000 and 10,000 ppm.
After 3 months of treatment the GOT activity in males is comparable with that in the control, while the GPT trensaminases showed difference in the dosed group at 100 ppm. In all the females groups no differences with the cobtrol were recorded.
All the liver function parameters investigated, in all treated groups, at all dosage (both males and females) were comparable to those of the control at the sixth month.
At the 12th month differences non dose-dependent in GOT activity were detected only in the females groups dosed at 100 and 1000 ppm (P < 0.05), while at the 24th months differences in GOT activity from the control were recorded in the male groups treated at 100 and 1000 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) ppm and differences in the total protein determined in serum were recorded in the female group dosed at 10,000 ppm ( P < 0.01). Differences in the experiment were not significant.

URINALYSIS
The findings of the urinalysis after 1-, 5-, 6-, 12- and 24-month test period revealed no differences between control animals and treated rats up to the 1000 ppm dose. In none of the tested rats glucose, ketone-bodies or bilirubin were found in the urine. Urobilinogen content and pH-value of the treated animals did not differ significantly from the control animals. Positive blood and protein findings were found in approximately equal frequency in the treated as in the untreated rats. The examination of the sediment revealed no treatment-related effect.
The protein contents of the urine were increased in any group.

ORGAN WEIGHTS
In comparison to the control group significantly different organ weights were recorded. In male and female rats, the kidney weights were not increased significantly (P < 0.01) up to 10,000 ppm. The remaining organ weight differences have to be regarded as limitated and random.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
Rats dead during the experiment: no pathological changes which could be attributed to treatment were found in all the animals.
Rats killed at the end of the experiment: no evidence of specific injury in the experimental groups to 10,000 ppm

HISTOPATHOLOGY
Substance-related histopathological changes were not observed.
In the heart region of the animal 464 (F, 10,000 ppm) was found a marked suppurative myocarditis. The animal 359 (F, 1000 ppm) showed pyelonephritis with low-gradiger hyperplasia (Hyper) of the renal pelvic epithelium.
Tumors that would be attributed to the substance were not detected.
Cardiovascular and respiratory apparatus: symptoms of chronic inflammation of different degrees were seen in the lungs and tracheae in animals of all groups; nevertheless they are common in old, conventionally held rats.
Liver: in some animals of different groups of extramedullary hematopoiesis characters (EMH) were seen in the liver in an average small extent. Pathological fatty infiltration were observed in the liver. In many animals bile ducts were altered. Other sporadic effects on singolar animals were seen.
Genito urinary system: the majority of rats showed renal senile changes of different degrees .In the testes of individuals of different groups atrophy and Spermiogranulome was observed. In the ovaries of many female cysts were not present.
Adrenal, thyroid and pituitary: in the thyroid and pituitary glands of individual animals of different groups Epithelmeta-neoplasms were observed.
Eyes, intestine, bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, pancreas, parotid gland and skeletal muscle showed only treatment-independent individual findings.

In some animals of different groups of extramedullary hematopoiesis characters (EMH) were seen in the liver in an average small extent. Pathological fatty infiltration were observed in the liver.
All tumors detected were considered to be spontaneous, not treatment-related.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

709 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

other: overall effects, highest dose tested

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

521 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male

Basis for effect level:

other: overall effects, highest dose tested

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Food and active ingredient intake

Dosis [ppm]	mean food intake		mean active ingredient intake
	kg/animal	g/animal/day	g/kg bw	mg/kg bw /day
	male
0	16.48	22.43	-	-
100	16.49	22.44	3.84	5.23
1000	16.44	22.36	38.4	52.24
10000	16.61	22.6	382.77	520.78
	female
0	12.5	17.01	-	-
100	12.54	17.06	5.16	7.02
1000	12.79	17.4	50.96	69.33
10000	12.86	17.52	521.3	709.25

Mortality

Dose ppm	N. dead / N rat Male	%	N. dead / N rat Female	%
1 year
0	2/100	2	0/100	0
100	1/50	2	1/50	2
1000	3/50	6	0/50	0
10000	0/50	0	0/50	0
2 years
0	37/100	37	25/100	25
100	23/50	46	17/50	34
1000	25/50	50	14/50	28
10000	16/50	32	17/50	34

Conclusions:

NOAEL: 709 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received) (female)
NOAEL: 521 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received) (male)

Executive summary:

Method

The 50 male and 50 female rats (100 animals in the control group) received test substance administered for 2 years in the following concentrations with the feed: 0 (control), 100, 1000, 10000 ppm.

Results

Appearance, behavior, feed intake, body weights and mortality were not influenced in male and female animals of doses up to and including 10,000 ppm. The animals in the dose groups to 10,000 ppm did not show during the entire experimental period any treatment-related symptoms. The growth of the rats was not affected until the dose of 10,000 ppm. The haematological investigations performed during and at the end of the test showed no dose of injuries. The significantly lower reticulocyte numbers in the blood of the male rats dosed at 1000 and 10,000 ppm after 24 months was not considered as compound-related toxic effect. The studies of male animals to the remaining time points and all investigations in the female animals showed no evidence for corresponding findings. The clinical chemical analysis, sections and histopathological examinations revealed no evidence for treatment-related damage to the liver. Urinalysis, urea and creatinine concentrations in serum as well as macroscopic and histopathological organ findings did not indicate any influence on the kidneys because the incidence is low (<10%) and the significantly increased kidney weights in male and female rats in the 10,000 ppm dose group was not regarded as an expression of injury. Blood sugar and cholesterol levels were not substance-related altered.

The difference in GOT and GPT activity in male animals after 10,000 ppm and GPT activity in the females after 1000 and 10,000 pm are not considered signs of liver damage, because all values ​​are in the range of physiological fluctuation band and the investigation into later trial dates did not revealed any findings. The sections of dead and killed rats did not show reference to a specific ending damage that could be caused by the substance. Histopathological examination of the brain, pituitary, aorta, eyes, intestine (duodenum, jejunum, colon), femur, bladder, heart, testis, lung, lymph nodes, stomach, spleen, Nebenhcden, adrenal glands, sciatic nerve, esophagus, parotid gland, ovaries , pancreas, prostate, seminal vesicles, thyroid, skeletal muscle, sternum, thymus, trachea and uterus showed the usual age-related spontaneous alterations. Changes that might be associated with the administration of the substance, not revealed.

From nature, localization, abundance and time of occurrence of the identified benign and malignant tumors was no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of the test item. Thus, the doses of 1000 ppm were well tolerated.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

521 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

chronic

Species:

rat

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

There are no data available for the repeated dose toxicity of CAS 12004488-68-5. In order to fulfil the standard information requirements, a read-across from structurally related substances was conducted.

Reliable data on repeated dose toxicity subacute and chronic after oral exposure of rats are available for CAS 16470-24-9.

In a subacute toxicity study (according to OECD 407, RCC AG, 1988) the test substance was administered to 5 to 10 Wistar rats/sex/dose by gavage at dose levels of 50, 200, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. A group of control animals was administered with vehicle. There were no compound related effects in mortality, clinical signs, food consumption, and urinalysis. Statistically decreased body weights were observed in female animals of group 4 (1000 mg/kg bw/day) during the whole treatment period. In addition the body weight gain of the same animals was decreased between days 15 and 18 when the results were compared to those of the animals of groups 1 (control), 2 (50 mg/kg bw/day) and 3 (200 mg/kg bw/day). The assessment of haematological data indicated some effects at the end of the treatment when compared to the controls. These findings primarily reflect a slight haemolytic anaemia for rats of group 4, whereas the changes noted in the lower dose groups were only marginal in nature and therefore not considered significant in toxicological terms. For biochemical data treatment-related effects were noted for rats of groups 3 and/or 4 at the end of the treatment when compared to the controls. These findings primarily reflect changes of an adaptive nature due to an increased functional load on the liver; however, slight injury to liver tissue is to be considered for the high dose group as indicated by the moderate increase in enzyme activity (ASAT and ALP) for males of group 4. Significant differences in absolute and/or relative liver, kidney and testes weights were observed in animals of groups 3 and 4 respectively. The observed differences in absolute and relative liver weights of the female rats of group 2 were not considered to be unequivocal to test article treatment. The differences in group 3 are not considered to be toxicologically relevant because no abnormalities in urinary and biochemical parameters, macroscopic and histopathological findings were observed in this group. After 28 days of treatment, minimal to slight hepatic fatty changes and minimal to slight renal tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis, considered to be treatment-related, were diagnosed in most rats of group 4. The other histopathological lesions observed in this study are commonly diagnosed in rats of this strain and age and are not considered to be related to treatment with the test substance. The effects found in the subacute toxicity study reflect changes of an adaptive nature up to 200 mg/kg bw/day (group 3). Adverse effects are only found in group 4 (1000 mg/kg bw/day), so that the NOAEL for the subacute toxicity study can be set to 200 mg/kg bw/day.

A subchronic repeated dose toxicity study was performed with CAS 16470-24-9 (Kimmerle, 1976). Groups of 6 male and 6 female rats were given during 10 weeks (5 doses/week) 30, 60, 120, 250 or 500 mg of the test substance/kg as a solution in oil administered by gavage. A further group of 12 male and 12 female rats received daily 5.0 ml of oil/kg (control). During the experimental period, the condition of the animals was observed daily, body weights (all animals) were weekly recorded; blood and Harnstatus (3 males and 3 females per dose) were analysed at 14 -days, and at the end of the test, the prothrombin time (3 males and 3 females per group) and in all animals the SGPT and SGOT Transaminases and SDH were determined. 24 hours after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed with ether and the internal organs (liver, kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, spleen, ovary, testis, lung) macroscopically examined and weighed. No adverse effects were recorded: the animals of the experimental groups showed no apparent symptoms of poisoning and behaved similarly to the control animals. The bodyweight is not significantly altered in the experimental groups compared with the control groups. The complete blood count, the checks of liver function tests and the urine tests did reveal no pathological findings. After killing the rats, the internal organs in the experimental groups compared with the control groups did not appear changed and a significant dose-dependent change in the absolute and relative organ weights could not be determined (P > 0.1) in the experimental groups compared with the control group. Therefore, under the experimental conditions of the study the NOAEL for the test substance was set at 500 mg/kg bw/day in both sexes.

In a chronic toxicity study (equivalent to OECD 453, Bomhard 1978) the test substance was administered to 50 Wistar rats/sex/dose in diet at dose levels of 100, 1000, 10000 ppm (10,000 ppm = 709 mg/kg bw/day for females and 521 mg/kg bw/day for males) for 24 months. A control group was fed with pain diet. There were no compound related effects in mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, or gross and histological pathology. The NOAEL is for females 709 mg/kg bw/day and for males 521 mg/kg bw/day. This chronic study in the rat is acceptable and conform to the guideline requirements for a chronic oral study OECD 453 in rats.

Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity via oral route - systemic effects endpoint:
Three studies are available on repeated dose toxicity on rats with good reliability: a 28-day subacute, a 70 days and a chronic study. The results from the chronic study male rats has been selected for Chemical Safety Assessment.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on read-across from structurally similar substances, the available data on repeated dose toxicity do not meet the classification criteria according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 or Directive 67/548/EEC, and are therefore conclusive but not sufficient for classification.