Benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Data is from peer reviewed journal

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Study performed as per OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test).

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No data available

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Details on sampling:

No data available

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

M4 Medium

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Details on test organisms
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Strain: Not applicable
- Source: NIES (Tsukuba, Japan)
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): less than 24-h-old
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): No data available
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): No data available
- Valve height at study initiation, for shell deposition study (mean and range, SD): No data available
- Peripheral shell growth removed prior to test initiation: No data available
- Method of breeding: No data available
- Feeding during test: No data available
- Food type: No data available
- Amount: No data available
- Frequency: No data available

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: At least 2 month
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): No data available
- Type and amount of food: No data available
- Feeding frequency: No data available
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): No data available

QUARANTINE (wild caught)
- Duration: No data available
- Health/mortality: No data available

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

No data available

Hardness:

250 mg CaCO3 l−1

Test temperature:

20±1 °C.

pH:

8.0

Dissolved oxygen:

No data available

Salinity:

No data available

Nominal and measured concentrations:

mention 5 concentrations but values were not specified.

Details on test conditions:

Details on test conditions
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: beaker
- Type (delete if not applicable): No data available
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 50 ml of beaker
- Aeration: No data available
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): No data available
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): No data available
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5 daphnids per vessel
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): No data available
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): No data available
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): No data available
- Biomass loading rate: No data available

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: No data available
- Total organic carbon: No data available
- Particulate matter: No data available
- Metals: No data available
- Pesticides: No data available
- Chlorine: No data available
- Alkalinity: No data available
- Ca/mg ratio: No data available
- Conductivity: No data available
- Culture medium different from test medium: No data available
- Intervals of water quality measurement: No data available

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No data available
- Photoperiod: 16/8 h light/dark cycle
- Light intensity: No data available

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : No data available

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: No data available
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: No data available
- Range finding study: No data available
- Test concentrations: 5 concentrations mention but values was not specified
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: No data available

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

2.1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: numbers of immobilized bodies

Remarks on result:

other: 5 concentrations mention but values was not specified

Details on results:

No data available

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No data available

Reported statistics and error estimates:

No data available

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2.1 mg/l concentration.

Executive summary:

Short term toxicity test was performed on daphnia magna for 48 hrs. Five concentrations of benzylparaben were used in 50 ml beaker and 5 daphnids were kept in per vessel under specific environmental conditions. 48 hrs observation period and immobilization of daphnia was observed.After experiment it was observed that the EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2.1 mg/l concentration.

Description of key information

Short term toxicity test was performed on daphnia magna for 48 hrs. Five concentrations of benzylparaben were used in 50 ml beaker and 5 daphnids were kept in per vessel under specific environmental conditions. 48 hrs observation period and immobilization of daphnia was observed.After experiment it was observed that the EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2.1 mg/l concentration.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

2.1 mg/L

Additional information

Various studies were reviewed along with the prediction data to evaluate the effect of the test compound on Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. These are summarized as follows:

 

Short term toxicity test was performed on daphnia magna for 48 hrs. Five concentrations of benzylparaben were used in 50 ml beaker and 5 daphnids were kept in per vessel under specific environmental conditions. 48 hrs observation period and immobilization of daphnia was observed.After experiment it was observed that the EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2.1 mg/l concentration.

 

From probabilistic ecological hazard assessment of parabens using daphnia magna and pimephales promelas publication, Short-term toxicity to daphnia magna was performed for 48 hrs at five nominal concentrations in a temperature-controlled incubator at 24°C with a 16:8 light: dark cycle.100 ml beaker was taken having 80 ml of test chemical. Test solution was prepared by dissolved in high-performance liquid chromatography grade acetone and delivered into RHW at 0.1% acetone. No aeration was used and LD 50 value was determined at 24 and 48 hrs.

On the basis of above experiment result the LD 50 value for Daphnia magna for benzylparaben (94-18-8) was found to be 4.0 mg/L concentration.

 

 

From Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual andadditive approach journals, the short term toxicity test was performed on daphnia magna for 48 hrs. Five concentrations of benzylparaben were used in 50 ml beaker and 5 daphnids were kept in per vessel under specific environmental conditions. 48 hrs observation period and immobilization of daphnia was observed.After experiment it was observed that the EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2100 µg/l concentration.

 

Short term toxicity test(Masanori Terasaki, Masakazu Makino and Norihisa Tatarazako, 20009)was performed on daphnia magna for 48 hrs. Five concentrations of benzylparaben were used in 50 ml beaker and 5 daphnids were kept in per vessel under specific environmental conditions. 48 hrs observation period and immobilization of daphnia was observed.After experiment it was observed that the EC50 value of benzylparaben (94-18-8) for Daphnia magna was found to be 2100 µg/l concentration.

 

Short term toxicity study to Daphnia magna (Chapter 14 - Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) in the Environment: Data for Environmental Toxicity Assessment, 2009) was carried out for 48 hrs. Daphtoxkit bioassay test was performed for the toxicity study. Study was performed in accordance with test procedures prescribed by national and international organizations OECD 202, ISO 6341, EEC, USEPA, ASTM.

All stock solutions were prepared in methanol and serially diluted in distilled water to obtain the target concentrations. The methanol concentration in the exposure solutions, including controls, was 0.01% (v/v) in distillate water in the tested solutions. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was used as a control substance. The test bacteria was exposed to the test substancebenzyl parabenwith exposure duration of 24 and 48 hrs. The number of immobilized daphnia was recorded after exposure for 24 and 48 hrs. Based on immobilization of test organism, the EC50 value at 24 and 48 hrs was found to be5.2 and 6.0 mg/l, respectively and LOEC value was found to be 1.2 mg/l.

 

From above mentioned supporting studies the target chemical benzylparaben (CAS No 94-18-8), the majority values are indicative that the chemical is likely to causeaquatic invertebratestoxicity.