1-dodecylpyridinium chloride

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Toxic effect type:

dose-dependent

Effects on fertility

Description of key information

Toxicity to reproduction

Reproductive toxicity study

Based on the data available from different studies, NOAEL for test material was considered to be 100 mg/kg /day for reproductive toxicity, when male and female rats were treated with test material orally. Thus, comparing this value with the criteria of CLP regulation test material is not likely to classify as reproductive toxicant.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Remarks:

Experimental data of read across substances

Justification for type of information:

Data for the target chemical is summarized based on the structurally similar read across chemicals

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: As mentionen below

Principles of method if other than guideline:

WoE report is based on two reproductive toxicity studies on rats and mice
1.Two generation reproduction study of test material was performed on Sprague Dawley rats orally by gavage.
2.Reproductive study of test material was performed in rats

GLP compliance:

not specified

Limit test:

no

Justification for study design:

No data available

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: 1.Sprague-Dawley CD® 2.Wistar

Details on species / strain selection:

No data available

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

No data available

Route of administration:

other: 1.oral: feed 2.oral: gavage

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on exposure:

Study 1
1. Details on exposure
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Undiluted test material given by oral route in food
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency):No data available
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food )
- Storage temperature of food: No data available
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): none
- Concentration in vehicle: 0, 20, 50 and 100 mg /kg bw/day
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): No data available

- Lot/batch no. (if required): No data available
- Purity: No data available

Details on mating procedure:

Study 1
- M/F ratio per cage: No data available
- Length of cohabitation: 21 days
- Proof of pregnancy: [vaginal plug / sperm in vaginal smear] referred to as [day 0 / day 1] of pregnancy No data available
- After ... days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: [no / yes (explain)] No data available
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): No data available
- Any other deviations from standard protocol: No data available

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Duration of treatment / exposure:

1. starting 10 weeks before mating (F0) or at weaning (F1), throughout mating, gestation and lactation periods until scheduled necropsy
2.10 days ( from day 5 through day 14 post-coitum)

Frequency of treatment:

daily

Details on study schedule:

Study 1
F0 rats were mated twice to produce F1a and F1b litters. Twenty-eight parents/sex of the F2 generation were selected from the F1b litters. They were mated twice to produce F2a and F2b litters. Mating was allowed for up to 21 days. Necropsy was performed on 10 pups/sex/dose from the F1a and F1b generation

Remarks:

Study 1.
0, 20, 50 and 100 mg /kg bw/day
Study 2.
0, 8,25,50mg/kg bw/day

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Study 1.
Total:448
For F0 generation
0 mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
20mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
50mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
100 mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
For F1 generation
0 mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
20mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
50mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
100 mg/kg bw/day:28 male and 28 female
Study 2
Total :80-100
0mg/kg bw/day :20-22 female rats
8mg/kg bw/day :20-22 female rats
25mg/kg bw/day :20-22 female rats
50mg/kg bw/day :20-22 female rats

Control animals:

yes

Details on study design:

No data available

Positive control:

Study 2
Aspirin (on day 10 of gestation )

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

Study1&2
Parental animals observation and examinations
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: yes

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes

Time schedule:
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
Time schedule for examinations:
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes Food consumption was determined weekly.

Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes / No / No data: No data available

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data
Time schedule for examinations:

Sperm parameters (parental animals):

No data available

Litter observations:

No data available

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

Study1
1. SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals [describe when, e.g. as soon as possible after the last litters in each generation were produced.]
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals [describe when, e.g. after the last litter of each generation was weaned.]

GROSS NECROPSY: yes
- Gross necropsy consisted of [external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.]

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS: yes
The tissues indicated in Table [#] were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively.

Study 2
Postmortem examinations (Parent Animal)
SACRIFICE: All of the dams were killed on day 20 of gestation .

Uterine contents examined

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

1. SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring not selected as parental animals and all F2 offspring were sacrificed at [#?] days of age.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination) as follows:

GROSS NECROPSY:yes
- Gross necropsy consisted of [external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.]

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
The tissues indicated in Table [#] were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively.

Statistics:

No data available

Reproductive indices:

No data available

Offspring viability indices:

No data available

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

1. No treatment-related clinical signs were observed

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not specified

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

1. There were no treatment related deaths during the study. One male at each dosing level was killed due to trauma or caging accident or sacrificed moribund.

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

1. Body weight gain was reduced in males and females at 100 mg/kg/day food during the premating period.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

1. Food consumption was reduced at 100 mg/kg /day during the premating period in males and females.

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not specified

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

1. No treatment-related abnormalities were observed, including histopathological examinations

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not specified

Other effects:

not specified

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:

no effects observed

Reproductive function: sperm measures:

no effects observed

Reproductive performance:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

1.There were no changes detected between parental animals of the treated and control groups in mating indices and pregnancy rates. No treatment-related changes were detected in litter size, live birth index, viability index, lactation index and sex ratio of the F0 offspring.
2.The incidence of resorption site was increased in the dams from the 50 mg/kg bw dose group

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

> 25 - <= 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

clinical signs

mortality

body weight and weight gain

food consumption and compound intake

reproductive performance

Remarks on result:

other: No effects on reproductive parameters

Critical effects observed:

not specified

System:

other: not specified

Organ:

not specified

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not specified

Mortality / viability:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence and severity):

2.Fetal survival was reduced from the 50 mg/kg bw dose group

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

1.F1 pup weight gains were initially similar to those in the control group, but were significantly decreased on day 21 and 28 post-partum at 100 mg/kg /day (82-87% and 83-86% of control for F1a males and females, and 76-85% and 78-83% of control for F1b males and females, resp.).
2.No evidence of adverse effects on litter weight in any dose group.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not specified

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not specified

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Sexual maturation:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

1.F1a and F1b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic findings.
2.There were no treatment-related malformations or variations in any groups at external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations.

Histopathological findings:

no effects observed

Other effects:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Developmental immunotoxicity:

not specified

1.No treatment-related changes were observed in litter size, live birth index, viability index, lactation index or sex ratio

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F1a

Effect level:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

viability

clinical signs

mortality

body weight and weight gain

gross pathology

Remarks on result:

other: overall no effects on developmental parameters

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F1b

Effect level:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

viability

mortality

body weight and weight gain

gross pathology

Remarks on result:

other: No effects on developmental parameters

Critical effects observed:

not specified

System:

other: not specified

Organ:

not specified

Clinical signs:

not specified

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not specified

Mortality / viability:

not specified

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

1.F2a pup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg /day on day 21 and 28 post-partum (85-89% and 83-90% of control for males and female resp.). F2b pup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg/day on day 21 and 28 post-partum (85-89% and 84-86% of control).

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not specified

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not specified

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Sexual maturation:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

1.F2a and F2b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic finding

Histopathological findings:

not specified

Other effects:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Developmental immunotoxicity:

not specified

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F2a

Effect level:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

body weight and weight gain

gross pathology

Remarks on result:

other: overall no effects on developmental parameters

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F2b

Effect level:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

body weight and weight gain

gross pathology

Remarks on result:

other: overall no effects on developmental parameters

Critical effects observed:

not specified

System:

other: not specified

Organ:

not specified

Reproductive effects observed:

not specified

Treatment related:

not specified

The results of the study are summarized in table

Dose (mg/kg food)	0			300		750		1500		dr
	m	f		m	f	m	f	m	f
F0animals:
Mortality	no treatment-related findings
Clinical signs	no treatment-related findings
Body weight gain								dc	dc
Food consumption								dc	dc
Mating/fertility/gestation	no treatment-related findings
Oestrus cycle	not evaluated
Sperm evaluation	not evaluated
Organ weight	not determined
Pathology
Macroscopy	no treatment-related findings
Microscopy	no treatment-related findings
F1 pups:
Litter size	no treatment-related findings
Post implantation loss (%)	not evaluated
Live birth index	no treatment-related findings
Viability index	no treatment-related findings
Lactation index	no treatment-related findings
Sex ratio	no treatment-related findings
Clinical signs	not determined
Body weight gain (F1a + F1b) day 21+28 post-partum								dc	dc
Sexual maturation	not determined
Organ weights	not determined
Pathology
Macroscopy	no treatment-related findings
F1 animals:
Mortality	no treatment-related findings
Clinical signs	no treatment-related findings
Body weight gain	no treatment-related findings
Food consumption - premating period								dc	dc
Mating/fertility/gestation	no treatment-related findings
Oestrus cycle	not evaluated
Sperm evaluation	not evaluated
Organ weight	not determined
Pathology
Macroscopy	no treatment-related findings
Microscopy	no treatment-related findings
F2 pups:
Litter size	no treatment-related findings
Post implantation loss (%)	not determined
Live birth index	no treatment-related findings
Viability index	no treatment-related findings
Lactation index	no treatment-related findings
Sex ratio	no treatment-related findings
Clinical signs	not evaluated
Body weight F2a pups day 21 post-partum day 28 post-partum F2b pups day 21+28 post-partum								dc dc   dc	dc dc   dc
Organ weights	not determined
Pathology
Macroscopy	no treatment-related findings

dr :dose related

dc/ic :statistically significantly decreased/increased compared to the controls

d/i :decreased/increased, but not statistically significantly compared to the controls

a/r :absolute/relative organ weight

Conclusions:

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be above 25-100mg/kg/day, When male and female rats were treated with test chemical orally.

Executive summary:

Reproductive toxicity

Data available for the read across chemicals was reviewed to determine the reproductive toxicity of test chemical . The studies are as mentioned below:

Study 1

Two generation reproduction study of test material was performed on male and female Sprague Dawley CD® rats in accordance with OECD guideline 416 (1983). Although oestrus cycle, sperm parameters and sexual maturation of pups was not investigated, no reproductive effects were observed indicating indirectly no effect on these parameters. The study is considered acceptable. The test material mixed with food in dose concentration0, 20, 50 and 100 mg /kg bw/day (0, 300, 750 and 1500 mg/kg food ).28 male and 28 female placed in each dose group. Diet starting 10 weeks before mating (F0) or at weaning (F1), throughout mating, gestation and lactation periods until scheduled necropsy. F0 rats were mated twice to produce F1a and F1b litters. Twenty-eight parents/sex of the F2 generation were selected from the F1b litters. They were mated twice to produce F2a and F2b litters. Mating was allowed for up to 21 days. Necropsy was performed on 10 pups/sex/dose from the F1a and F1b generation. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight and Food consumption were noted in each generation. 

 No treatment-related clinical signs were observed. There were no treatment related deaths during the study. One male at each dosing level was killed due to trauma or caging accident or sacrificed moribund. Body weight gain was reduced in males and females at 100 mg/kg/day food during the premating period. Food consumption was reduced at 100 mg/kg /day during the premating period in males and females. At necropsy no treatment-related abnormalities were observed, including histopathological examinations there were no changes detected between parental animals of the treated and control groups in mating indices and pregnancy rates. No treatment-related changes were detected in litter size, live birth index, viability index, lactation index and sex ratio of the F0 offspring.

 F1 pup weight gains were initially similar to those in the control group, but were significantly decreased on day 21 and 28 post-partum at 100 mg/kg /day (82-87% and 83-86% of control for F1a males and females, and 76-85% and 78-83% of control for F1b males and females, resp.). F1a and F1b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic findings. F1 parental animals showed no treatment-related mortality or clinical signs. Body weight gain was only incidentally reduced for F1 parents. Body weights of males and females at 100 mg/kg /day were already significantly reduced at the beginning of mating due to the reduced body weight gain during their lactation period. Body weights of females were still decreased during gestation and were equal to controls at the end of lactation due 10 increased body weight gains relative to controls during gestation and lactation (F28 and F2b). Food consumption was significantly reduced at 100mg/kg /day in F1 males until week 7 and F1 females during the whole pre-mating period. No changes were noted between parental animals of the treated and control groups in mating indices, pregnancy rates and male fertility. At necropsy no treatment-related abnormalities were observed, including histopathological examination. No treatment-related changes were observed in litter size, live birth index, viability index,l actation index or sex ratio of the F, offspring (F2pups). F2apup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg /day on day 21 and 28 post-partum (85-89% and 83-90% of control for males and female resp.). F2bpup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg/day on day 21 and 28post-partum (85-89%and 84-86% of control).F2a andF2b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic finding. Hence No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for F0 generation was considered to be 100mg/kg/day, As No treatment related changes were noted in mating behaviour, conception and gestation and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was considered to be 50 mg/kg /day, based on decreased body weight. When female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with test material orally.

Study 2

Reproductive and development toxicity study of test material was performed on femalewistar rats.20-22 rats /dose group were used. The test materialwas administered in dose concentration 0, 8, 25,50 mg/kg bw/day from day 5 through day 14 of gestation by gastric intubation route. All of the dams were killed on day 20 of gestation and Uterine contents examined. The foetuses were weighed, sexed and subjected to external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations.The incidence of resorption site was increased in the dams from the 50 mg/kg bw dose group. Fetal survival was reduced in 50 mg/kg bw dose group. No evidence of adverse effects on litter size , viability ot litter weight in any dose group.There were no treatment-related malformations or variations in any groups at external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations. Hence No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 25 mg/kg/day, and the dose-level of 50 mg/kg/day was considered to be the NOAEL for embryo-foetal toxicity.When femalewistar rats were treated with test material orally.

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

100 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subchronic

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Data is Klimicsh 2 and from authoritative database

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Reproductive toxicity

Data available for the read across chemicals was reviewed to determine the reproductive toxicity of test chemical . The studies are as mentioned below:

Study 1

Two generation reproduction study of test material was performed on male and female Sprague Dawley CD® rats in accordance with OECD guideline 416 (1983). Although oestrus cycle, sperm parameters and sexual maturation of pups was not investigated, no reproductive effects were observed indicating indirectly no effect on these parameters. The study is considered acceptable. The test material mixed with food in dose concentration0, 20, 50 and 100 mg /kg bw/day (0, 300, 750 and 1500 mg/kg food ).28 male and 28 female placed in each dose group. Diet starting 10 weeks before mating (F0) or at weaning (F1), throughout mating, gestation and lactation periods until scheduled necropsy. F0 rats were mated twice to produce F1a and F1b litters. Twenty-eight parents/sex of the F2 generation were selected from the F1b litters. They were mated twice to produce F2a and F2b litters. Mating was allowed for up to 21 days. Necropsy was performed on 10 pups/sex/dose from the F1a and F1b generation. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight and Food consumption were noted in each generation. 

 No treatment-related clinical signs were observed. There were no treatment related deaths during the study. One male at each dosing level was killed due to trauma or caging accident or sacrificed moribund. Body weight gain was reduced in males and females at 100 mg/kg/day food during the premating period. Food consumption was reduced at 100 mg/kg /day during the premating period in males and females. At necropsy no treatment-related abnormalities were observed, including histopathological examinations there were no changes detected between parental animals of the treated and control groups in mating indices and pregnancy rates. No treatment-related changes were detected in litter size, live birth index, viability index, lactation index and sex ratio of the F0 offspring.

 F1 pup weight gains were initially similar to those in the control group, but were significantly decreased on day 21 and 28 post-partum at 100 mg/kg /day (82-87% and 83-86% of control for F1a males and females, and 76-85% and 78-83% of control for F1b males and females, resp.). F1a and F1b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic findings. F1 parental animals showed no treatment-related mortality or clinical signs. Body weight gain was only incidentally reduced for F1 parents. Body weights of males and females at 100 mg/kg /day were already significantly reduced at the beginning of mating due to the reduced body weight gain during their lactation period. Body weights of females were still decreased during gestation and were equal to controls at the end of lactation due 10 increased body weight gains relative to controls during gestation and lactation (F28 and F2b). Food consumption was significantly reduced at 100mg/kg /day in F1 males until week 7 and F1 females during the whole pre-mating period. No changes were noted between parental animals of the treated and control groups in mating indices, pregnancy rates and male fertility. At necropsy no treatment-related abnormalities were observed, including histopathological examination. No treatment-related changes were observed in litter size, live birth index, viability index,l actation index or sex ratio of the F, offspring (F2pups). F2apup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg /day on day 21 and 28 post-partum (85-89% and 83-90% of control for males and female resp.). F2bpup weight gains were decreased at 100 mg/kg/day on day 21 and 28post-partum (85-89%and 84-86% of control).F2a andF2b pups showed no treatment-related macroscopic finding. Hence No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for F0 generation was considered to be 100mg/kg/day, As No treatment related changes were noted in mating behaviour, conception and gestation and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was considered to be 50 mg/kg /day, based on decreased body weight. When female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with test material orally.

Study 2

Reproductive and development toxicity study oftest material was performed on femalewistar rats.20-22 rats /dose group were used. The test materialwas administered in dose concentration 0, 8, 25,50 mg/kg bw/day from day 5 through day 14 of gestation by gastric intubation route. All of the dams were killed on day 20 of gestation and Uterine contents examined. The foetuses were weighed, sexed and subjected to external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations.The incidence of resorption site was increased in the dams from the 50 mg/kg bw dose group. Fetal survival was reduced in 50 mg/kg bw dose group. No evidence of adverse effects on litter size , viability ot litter weight in any dose group.There were no treatment-related malformations or variations in any groups at external, soft tissue or skeletal examinations. Hence No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 25 mg/kg/day, and the dose-level of 50 mg/kg/day was considered to be the NOAEL for embryo-foetal toxicity.When femalewistar rats were treated with test material orally.

Effects on developmental toxicity

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Justification for classification or non-classification

Thus, comparing this value with the criteria of CLP regulation test material is not likely to classify as reproductive toxicant.