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EC number: 215-222-5 | CAS number: 1314-13-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Additional toxicological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- additional toxicological information
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells.
- Author:
- Jeng, H.A. and Swanson, J.
- Year:
- 2 006
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 41:2699–2711
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-222-5
- EC Name:
- Zinc oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1314-13-2
- Molecular formula:
- ZnO
- IUPAC Name:
- oxozinc
- Test material form:
- solid: nanoform
- Details on test material:
- Zinc oxide
Mean particle size: 50-70 nm
Surface area: 15-25 m2/g
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
Dramatic changes in the cell morphology were observed after exposure to ZnO for 24 hours, particularly at concentrations greater than 50 µg/mL. The cells became irregular and shrank. At the concentration of 50 µg/mL, some cells retained an intact plasma membrane indicating that apoptosis occurred. At the concentration of 100 ?g/mL, they became necrotic and detached from the culture dishes. At concentrations below 10 µg/mL, no distinct change in morphology of cells was observed.
At concentrations of 50 to 100 µg/mL, ZnO nanoparticles caused 15% to 50% of the cells to die as detected by the trypan blue dye method. However, cell viability was not affected by ZnO exposure at a concentration of less than 25 ?g/mL for 48 hours.
The MTT results showed that ZnO exhibited more toxicity than other metal oxide nanoparticles. A dose-dependent increase in reduction of mitochondrial function was observed with ZnO exposure. After 24 hours of exposure, ZnO at a concentration of 100 µg/mL reduced the mitochondrial function >80% as compared to the control cells. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL, ZnO showed insignificant effects on the mitochondrial function.
A significant increase in LDH leakage was observed with exposure to ZnO. At 4 hours of incubation, cells treated by ZnO at a concentration of 50 µg/mL started showing a decrease in mitochondrial function and LDH leakage. At lower concentrations, the effect appeared after 6 hours of contact time.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
This paper studied the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Dramatic changes in the cell morphology were observed after exposure to ZnO for 24 hours, particularly at concentrations greater than 50 μg/mL. The cells became irregular and shrank. At the concentration of 50 μg/mL, some cells retained an intact plasma membrane indicating that apoptosis occurred. At the concentration of 100 μg/mL, they became necrotic and detached from the culture dishes. At concentrations below 10 μg/mL, no distinct change in morphology of cells was observed. At concentrations of 50 to 100 μg/mL, ZnO nanoparticles caused 15% to 50% of the cells to die as
detected by the trypan blue dye method. However, cell viability was not affected by ZnO exposure at a concentration of less than 25 μg/mL for 48 hours. The mitochondrial function (MTT) results showed that ZnO exhibited more toxicity than other metal
oxide nanoparticles. A dose-dependent increase in reduction of mitochondrial function was observed with ZnO exposure. After 24 hours of exposure, ZnO at a concentration of 100 μg/mL reduced the mitochondrial function >80% as compared to the control cells. At a concentration of 10 μg/mL, ZnO showed insignificant effects on the mitochondrial function.
A significant increase in LDH leakage was observed with exposure to ZnO. At 4 hours of incubation, cells treated by ZnO at a concentration of 50 μg/mL started showing a decrease in mitochondrial function and LDH leakage. At lower concentrations, the effect appeared after 6 hours of contact time.
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