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Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Genetic toxicity: in vivo

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian germ cell study: cytogenicity / chromosome aberration
Remarks:
chromosome aberration
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Acceptable well-documented study which meets basic scientific principles.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reference
Endpoint:
acute toxicity: dermal
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
2 animals/sex were used instead of 5.
GLP compliance:
no
Limit test:
yes
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
no data
Type of coverage:
occlusive
Vehicle:
unchanged (no vehicle)
Details on dermal exposure:
TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: the test material was applied to abraded skin of animals.
Duration of exposure:
24 hours
Doses:
3160 mg/kg bw
No. of animals per sex per dose:
2
Control animals:
not specified
Details on study design:
- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations: Day 2, 4, 8, 11 and 15 observation of exposure sites and scoring; 2 and 4 hours post-dosing and daily thereafter observation for mortality and toxic effects
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, mortality, exposure sites (scored for erythema and edema)
Statistics:
no data
Sex:
male/female
Dose descriptor:
LD50
Effect level:
> 3 160 mg/kg bw
Based on:
test mat.
Mortality:
1 male animal died on day 4 of the study.
Clinical signs:
other: No substance-related clinical findings were reported.
Gross pathology:
Gross necropsy revealed no substance-related effect.
Other findings:
No signs of systemic toxicity or percutaneous absorption were observed.
Interpretation of results:
other:
Remarks:
EU GHS criteria not met
Conclusions:
No substance-related findings were reported in the study.
LD50for both sexes is higher than 3160 mg/kg bw/day.
Executive summary:

Study design

This non-GLP study was performed according to OECD TG No. 402 Acute Dermal Toxicity. In the study, 2 male and 2 female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the undiluted test substance at a dose level of 3160 mg/kg under occlusive conditions on abraded skin for 24h. On days 2, 4, 8, 11 and 15 exposure sites were examined and scored for erythema and edema on a graded scale of 0 to 4.
Each animal was observed for mortality and toxic effects 2 and 4 hours post-dosing and daily thereafter.

Results

In the 14 -days post-observation period, 1/4 animals died (one male animal) on day 4 of the study, however, gross necropsy revealed no substance related effect. Among the remaining animals, no signs of systemic toxicity or percutaneous absorption were observed.

Conclusion

No substance-related findings were reported in the study. LD50for both sexes is higher than 3160 mg/kg bw/day.


Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reference
Endpoint:
eye irritation: in vivo
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Remarks:
No data on a OECD compliance
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)
Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Short description of test conditions: Instillation of 0.1 mL of neat test substance into one eye of 6 New Zealand rabbits without rinsing. The untreated eye served as control. Readings were done 1, 4, 24, 48, 72 hours and 4, 7, 10, and 13 days after application.
- Parameters analysed / observed: Scoring of ocular lesions was done according to Draize et.al. (1944).
GLP compliance:
no
Remarks:
The study was performed prior to the adoption of GLP compliance.
Species:
rabbit
Strain:
New Zealand White
Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
No information given
Vehicle:
unchanged (no vehicle)
Controls:
other: untreated eye
Amount / concentration applied:
undiluted
Duration of treatment / exposure:
single dose
Observation period (in vivo):
13 days
Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
6
Details on study design:
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): Eyes were not rinsed after treatment.

SCORING SYSTEM: according to Draize et.al. (1944)
Irritation parameter:
other: primary irritation index
Basis:
mean
Time point:
other: 1h
Score:
50.8
Max. score:
110
Reversibility:
fully reversible within: 48 h
Irritation parameter:
other: primary irritation index
Basis:
mean
Time point:
72 h
Score:
35.8
Max. score:
110
Reversibility:
fully reversible within: 48 h
Irritation parameter:
other: primary irritation index
Basis:
mean
Time point:
other: day 4
Score:
35
Max. score:
110
Reversibility:
fully reversible within: 48 h
Irritation parameter:
other: primary irritation index
Basis:
mean
Time point:
other: day 13
Score:
3.3
Max. score:
110
Reversibility:
fully reversible within: 48 h
Irritation parameter:
cornea opacity score
Basis:
mean
Time point:
24/48/72 h
Remarks on result:
other: no details given
Irritation parameter:
iris score
Basis:
mean
Time point:
24/48/72 h
Remarks on result:
other: no details given
Irritation parameter:
conjunctivae score
Basis:
mean
Time point:
24/48/72 h
Remarks on result:
other: no details given
Irritation parameter:
chemosis score
Basis:
mean
Time point:
24/48/72 h
Remarks on result:
other: no details given
Other effects:
Other observations: Primary irritation index was 50.8 after 1 h decreasing to 35.8 after 72 h and 35.0 on day 4 decreasing to 3.3 on day 13 (max. = 110). All animals in the present study showed large blisters on the inside of upper and lower lids at the 1 and 4 hour readings. Blisters decreased in size at the 24 hour reading and they were gone at 48 hours. According to the authors, the test substance was classified as severely irritating to the rabbit eyes when applied without rinsing.
Interpretation of results:
Category 2 (irritating to eyes) based on GHS criteria
Conclusions:
Classification: irritating
Executive summary:

Study design

This non-GLP in vivo study was conducted comparable to OECD TG 405. In the present study neat DMF of 0.1 mL was instilled into one eye of 6 New Zealand white rabbits without rinsing. The untreated eye served as control. Readings were performed 1 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 4 d, 7 d, 10 d and 13 d after application. Scoring of ocular lesions was done according to the method of Draize et al. (1944).

Results

Primary irritation index was 50.8 after 1 h decreasing to 35.8 after 72 h and 35.0 on day 4 decreasing to 3.3 on day 13 (max. = 110). All animals in the present study showed large blisters on the inside of upper and lower lids at the 1 and 4 hour readings. Blisters decreased in size at the 24 hour reading and they were gone at 48 hours. According to the authors, the test substance was classified as severely irritating to the rabbit eyes when applied without rinsing.

Conclusion

Classification: irritating to eyes

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reference
Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: no data on GLP compliance
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Principles of method if other than guideline:
According to FDA: "Guidelines for Reproduction Studies for Safety Evaluation of Drugs for Human Use", Segment II
GLP compliance:
not specified
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Route of administration:
inhalation
Duration of treatment / exposure:
on days 6-15 of gestation
Frequency of treatment:
6 h/day
Dose / conc.:
30 ppm
Remarks:
ca. 0.09 mg/L
Dose / conc.:
300 ppm
Remarks:
ca. 0.91 mg/L
Control animals:
yes
Details on study design:
Sex: female
Duration of test: until day 21 of gestation
Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
There were no substance-related effects on the dams of the 30 ppm group. In the 300 ppm group the dams showed a significantly lower weight gain during the treatment period (gestation day 6 - 15) when compared to the control group (39 g in comparison to 50 g). From day 15 through 21 of gestation the animals recovered and weight gain was comparable to that of the concurrent negative control group.
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Description (incidence):
All 21 female rats each of the negative and the two DMF-treated groups survived the testing period.
In the positive control group two animals died, one on day 11 and one on day 6 of gestation. According to the authors, these deaths were not related to ASA administration but assumed to be due to dosing accidents because of the lung lesions observed in these animals.
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
There were no substance-related effects on the dams of the 30 ppm group.
In the 300 ppm group the dams showed a significantly lower weight gain during the treatment period (gestation day 6 - 15) when compared to the control group (39 g in comparison to 50 g).
From day 15 through 21 of gestation the animals recovered and weight gain was comparable to that of the concurrent negative control group.
Food efficiency:
not specified
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
not examined
Clinical biochemistry findings:
not examined
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
At necropsy, there were no substance-related findings.
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
not examined
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not examined
Other effects:
no effects observed
Number of abortions:
not specified
Pre- and post-implantation loss:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In the 30 ppm group a significantly lower mean number of implantations and fetuses was seen in comparison to the negative control group (12.7 versus 14.2 mean implantations/female and 12.0 versus 13.7 live fetuses/female, respectively). The number of corpora lutea/female was slightly lower in the 30 ppm group than that of the negative controls (14.6 versus 15.3). These findings were not seen in the 300 ppm females.
Total litter losses by resorption:
no effects observed
Early or late resorptions:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
The mean number of resorptions was unaltered by DMF exposure (0.5, 0.8 and 0.5 in the negative control, the 30 and the 300 ppm DMF group, respectively), but the number of dams with 2 or more resorptions (early and late) was highest in the 30 ppm group (1/21 in the negative control, 4/21 in the 30 ppm DMF and 2/21 in the 300 ppm DMF group, respectively). According to the authors the reduction in the number of fetuses at 30 ppm is regarded as an unexplainable, but not DMF-related decrease in ovulation and implantation rates. The number of females with one or more resorptions was within the ranges seen in control females. The statistically significantly decrease in implantation efficiency in the 30 ppm group in comparison to the negative control (87.3 % versus 92.5 %) was, according to the authors, in part attributable to a single female in this group that had an unusually low number of implants and high number of corpora lutea.
Dead fetuses:
no effects observed
Changes in pregnancy duration:
no effects observed
Changes in number of pregnant:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
With respect to reproductive effects, there was no effect on pregnancy rates (100 %, 94.7 %, 100 % and 100 % in the negative control, the positive control and the 30 ppm and 300 ppm DMF group, respectively).
Other effects:
no effects observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
ca. 0.09 mg/L air
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Remarks on result:
other: = 30 ppm
Remarks:
Maternal and fetal toxicity were seen at 300 ppm.
Fetal body weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
A reduction in mean fetal weight, but not length was observed in fetuses from dams of the 300 ppm groups (5.3 g versus 5.5 g in the negative control). This was not seen at 30 ppm.
Reduction in number of live offspring:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In the 30 ppm group a significantly lower mean number of fetuses was seen in comparison to the negative control group (12.0 versus 13.7 live fetuses/female, respectively).
Changes in sex ratio:
not specified
Changes in litter size and weights:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
In the 30 ppm group a significantly lower mean number of fetuses was seen in comparison to the negative control group (12.0 versus 13.7 live fetuses/female, respectively).
Changes in postnatal survival:
not specified
External malformations:
not specified
Skeletal malformations:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
The incidence of fetuses with ossification variations was significantly higher in the 300 ppm DMF group when compared to the negative control (75.0 % versus 60.2 %), however the incidence of litters containing fetuses with ossification variations was comparable to the negative control group. Soft tissue and skeletal malformations were comparable between the negative control and the DMF-treated groups.
Visceral malformations:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Soft tissue and skeletal malformations were comparable between the negative control and the DMF-treated groups.
Isolated and not dose-related findings of soft tissue malformations were seen in one fetus of the 30 ppm group (diaphragmatic hernia) and in two fetuses out of one litter in the 300 ppm group (vacuoles in the lens of the eye).
Other effects:
no effects observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
ca. 0.91 mg/L air
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: teratogenicity
Remarks on result:
other: = 30 ppm
Remarks:
Materal and fetal toxicity was observed at 300 ppm
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

All 21 female rats each of the negative and the two DMF-treated groups survived the testing period. In the positive control group two animals died, one on day 11 and one on day 6 of gestation. According to the authors, these deaths were not related to ASA administration but assumed to be due to dosing accidents because of the lung lesions observed in these animals. There were no substance-related effects on the dams of the 30 ppm group. In the 300 ppm group the dams showed a significantly lower weight gain during the treatment period (gestation day 6 - 15) when compared to the control group (39 g in comparison to 50 g). From day 15 through 21 of gestation the animals recovered and weight gain was comparable to that of the concurrent negative control group.

At necropsy, there were no substance-related findings. With respect to reproductive effects, there was no effect on pregnancy rates (100 %, 94.7 %, 100 % and 100 % in the negative control, the positive control and the 30 ppm and 300 ppm DMF group, respectively) but in the 30 ppm group a significantly lower mean number of implantations and fetuses was seen in comparison to the negative control group (12.7 versus 14.2 mean implantations/female and 12.0 versus 13.7 live fetuses/female, respectively). The number of corpora lutea/female was slightly lower in the 30 ppm group than that of the negative controls (14.6 versus 15.3). These findings were not seen in the 300 ppm females. The mean number of resorptions was unaltered by DMF exposure (0.5, 0.8 and 0.5 in the negative control, the 30 and the 300 ppm DMF group, respectively), but the number of dams with 2 or more resorptions (early and late) was highest in the 30 ppm group (1/21 in the negative control, 4/21 in the 30 ppm DMF and 2/21 in the 300 ppm DMF group, respectively). According to the authors the reduction in the number of fetuses at 30 ppm is regarded as an unexplainable, but not DMF-related decrease in ovulation and implantation rates. The number of females with one or more resorptions was within the ranges seen in control females. The statistically significantly decrease in implantation efficiency in the 30 ppm group in comparison to the negative control (87.3 % versus 92.5 %) was, according to the authors, in part attributable to a single female in this group that had an unusually low number of implants and high number of corpora lutea.
A reduction in mean fetal weight, but not length was observed in fetuses from dams of the 300 ppm groups (5.3 g versus 5.5 g in the negative control). This was not seen at 30 ppm.
The incidence of fetuses with ossification variations was significantly higher in the 300 ppm DMF group when compared to the negative control (75.0 % versus 60.2 %), however the incidence of litters containing fetuses with ossification variations was comparable to the negative control group. Soft tissue and skeletal malformations were comparable between the negative control and the DMF-treated groups.

Isolated and not dose-related findings of soft tissue malformations were seen in one fetus of the 30 ppm group (diaphragmatic hernia) and in two fetuses out of one litter in the 300 ppm group (vacuoles in the lens of the eye).

Positive control females gained less body weight during the dosing and post-treatment period when compared to negative control values and had fewer fetuses and higher incidence of resorptions. The fetuses were smaller, had a higher number of ossification variations and an increased incidence of external, soft tissue and skeletal malformations. A dose of 250 mg/kg/d of ASA was considered to be embryotoxic and teratogenic.

Thus, in the present study maternal and fetal toxicity were seen at 300 ppm.
The NOAEC for maternal toxicity and fetotoxicity was determined to be 30 ppm.
According to the authors, these findings suggested that the test substance was not embryotoxic or teratogenic at 30 ppm and non-teratogenic even at a maternal toxic dose level of 300 ppm DMF.

Conclusions:
The NOAEC for maternal toxicity and fetotoxicity was determined to be 30 ppm.
Executive summary:

The test substance was administered to groups of 21 pregnant rats. The female rats were 12 to 14 weeks of age at the beginning of the study. Overnight mating (1:1) was done and vaginal smears were prepared. When sperm and/or vaginal plug were observed the day was defined as day 0 of gestation. Two control groups were used: one chamber-air exposed (negative control) and one group given 250 mg/kg/d of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) suspended in 0.5 % Methocel by gavage (positive control) on gestation days 6-15. Females were sacrificed on gestation day 21. Fetuses were evaluated for external, soft tissue and skeletal malformations.

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
1978
Report date:
1978

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Principle of test: Evaluation of mutagenicity in test system after premating DMF-exposure.
- Short description of test conditions: Male rats were exposed to DMF-vapour. At least 2 h after the last exposure, two untreated virgin females were placed into each male's cage for 7 days. This mating procedure continued for six consecutive weeks. Females were sacrificed after a gestation period of 11-18 days. At completion of the study the males were sacrificed and necropsy was performed.
- Parameters analysed / observed: During the mating intervals: clinical signs, mortality, body weight. At completion of the study: Pregnancy rates and implantation,iImplantation efficiency, fetal death, uterine implants, histopathology of reproductive organs
GLP compliance:
no
Type of assay:
rodent dominant lethal assay

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
N,N-dimethylformamide
EC Number:
200-679-5
EC Name:
N,N-dimethylformamide
Cas Number:
68-12-2
Molecular formula:
C3H7NO
IUPAC Name:
N,N-dimethylformamide
Details on test material:
N,N-dimethylformamide; no data on purity of the compound

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
other: Sprague-Dawley (CRCD)
Sex:
male
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: Males used were about 8 weeks and females about 6 weeks of age

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
inhalation
Details on exposure:
no details given
Duration of treatment / exposure:
5 d
Frequency of treatment:
6 h/d
Post exposure period:
six week post-treatment period
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Dose / conc.:
30 ppm
Remarks:
ca. 0.09 mg/L
Dose / conc.:
300 ppm
Remarks:
ca. 0.91 mg/L
No. of animals per sex per dose:
Each group (two DMF-exposed) and the control groups contained 10 proven fertile male rats. Number of female animals not specified.
Control animals:
yes, concurrent no treatment
Positive control(s):
triethylenemelamine saline solution
- Justification for choice of positive control(s):
- Route of administration: i.p.
- Doses / concentrations: 0.5 mg/kg and a volume of 1 mL/kg administered once two hours prior to mating

Examinations

Tissues and cell types examined:
At completion of the study the males were sacrificed and necropsy was performed. The following tissues of 5 males/group were preserved: seminal vesicles, epididymides, testes, prostate and from all males any abnormal lesions or tissue masses. Histopathological examination was carried out on seminal vesicles, epididymides, testes and prostate.
Regarding in-life observations, please see 'Any other information on materials and methods'
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
10 fertile male rats/dose group or control group
Evaluation criteria:
no details given
Statistics:
no details given

Results and discussion

Test results
Sex:
male
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
no effects
Additional information on results:
For more details see: 'Any other information'

Any other information on results incl. tables

All male animals survived until termination of the study. During treatment and during the six week post-treatment mating period all animals were unremarkable. Mean body weights for males exposed to 30 and 300 ppm DMF were slightly lower than the negative control already during pre-treatment. This trend persisted during treatment and post-treatment. Body weight gain during the post-treatment mating period was slightly lower than negative control for the males exposed to 300 ppm DMF.

Pregnancy rates and implantation efficiency values of females mated to males exposed to DMF were considered comparable to the negative control throughout the post-treatment period. In contrast, pregnancy rates for the females mated to males of the positive control were lower than the negative control at mating weeks 2, 3 and 4, only at week 4 this difference was statistically significant.

Implantation efficiency values were significantly lower at weeks 2-6. Early fetal death data were significantly increased during the entire post-treatment mating period. Fetal death data for the DMF-treated groups were slightly higher than negative control at week 2 for both treated groups and week 5 for the 30 ppm and week 6 for the 300 ppm group.

According to the authors, at each interval the increase in fetal deaths was, in part, attributable to a single female that had uterine implants comprised entirely of early fetal deaths. These increases were not considered indicative of a dominant lethal mutagenic response since the second female of the pair mated with the DMF-treated male had high numbers of uterine implants which in most cases were all viable fetal swellings. Histopathology of male reproductive organs revealed no alterations to treatment.
Thus, premating DMF-exposure of the rats for 5 consecutive days did not result in mutagenic effects in the test system.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Premating DMF-exposure of the rats for 5 consecutive days did not result in mutagenic effects in the test system.
Executive summary:

Study design

The present study was carried out on the basis of basic scientific principles and was well documented.

In the study male rats were exposed to DMF-vapour (30 und 300 ppm). At least 2 h after the last exposure, two untreated virgin females were placed into each male's cage for 7 days. This mating procedure continued for six consecutive weeks. Females were sacrificed after a gestation period of 11-18 days. At completion of the study the males were sacrificed and necropsy was performed.

Results

All male animals survived until termination of the study. During treatment and during the six week post-treatment mating period all animals were unremarkable. Mean body weights for males exposed to 30 and 300 ppm DMF were slightly lower than the negative control already during pre-treatment. This trend persisted during treatment and post-treatment. Body weight gain during the post-treatment mating period was slightly lower than negative control for the males exposed to 300 ppm DMF. Pregnancy rates and implantation efficiency values of females mated to males exposed to DMF were considered comparable to the negative control throughout the post-treatment period. In contrast, pregnancy rates for the females mated to males of the positive control were lower than the negative control at mating weeks 2, 3 and 4, only at week 4 this difference was statistically significant. Implantation efficiency values were significantly lower at weeks 2-6. Early fetal death data were significantly increased during the entire post-treatment mating period.
Fetal death data for the DMF-treated groups were slightly higher than negative control at week 2 for both treated groups and week 5 for the 30 ppm and week 6 for the 300 ppm group.

According to the authors, at each interval the increase in fetal deaths was, in part, attributable to a single female that had uterine implants comprised entirely of early fetal deaths. These increases were not considered indicative of a dominant lethal mutagenic response since the second female of the pair mated with the DMF-treated male had high numbers of uterine implants which in most cases were all viable fetal swellings. Histopathology of male reproductive organs revealed no alterations to treatment.

Conclusion

Premating DMF-exposure of the rats for 5 consecutive days did not result in mutagenic effects in the test system.