Creosote oil, acenaphthene fraction

Carcinogenicity

Description of key information

Wash oil contains quinoline in a typical concentration of ca. 3 %. Quinoline was demonstrated in animal experiments to be carcinogenic and is classified as carcinogen Cat. 1B according to CLP regulation. Therefore, wash oil is classified as carcinogen Cat. 1B as well. Hazard/risk assessment for human health will be based on quinoline (carcinogenic effect) as marker substance.
Other carcinogenic constituents of wash oil (benzo[a]pyrene Carc. 1B, naphthalene Carc. 2), are less important due to their much lower concentration in wash oil (benzo[a]pyrene) or their classification in a lower carcinogen category (naphthalene). 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Carcinogenicity: via oral route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

carcinogenicity: oral

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

Study based on scientific principles, acceptable for assessment, despite various deficiences: only one sex, no data on food consumption, fewer animals than , a lot of deaths before the end of the study in all groups...), however, the carcinogenic effects obtained are considered valid.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Carcinogenicity study following the principles as laid down in the EU guideline B32.

GLP compliance:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Clea Japan Inc
- Age at study initiation: no data
- Weight at study initiation: 160-185 g
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: Individually in screen-bottomed cages
- Diet: semisynthetic basal diet composed of 75% polished rice powder, 10% casein, 4% salt mixture, 10% corn oil, and 1% vitamin mixture.
- Water: no data
- Acclimation period: no data

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 24°
- Humidity (%): no data
- Air changes (per hr): air-conditioned room; no further data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): no data



DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): once a week

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on exposure:

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): once a week
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): see above
- Storage temperature of food: storage in a dark cold room

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

--

Duration of treatment / exposure:

40 weeks

Frequency of treatment:

1x/d

Post exposure period:

none

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.25%
Basis:
nominal in diet
corresponding to 25, 50, and 125 mg/kg bw/day; conversion based on daily food consumption of 5% of their body weight for rats

No. of animals per sex per dose:

20 animals per groups (male only)

Control animals:

yes, plain diet

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: no data
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): no data
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: none
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: none
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): no data

Positive control:

none

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

Observations and examinations performed and frequency
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No data

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: no data, at least at the beginning and at the end of the study.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE: no data

FOOD EFFICIENCY: no data

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No data

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at the end of the study
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 6 of the low dose and of the control groups
- Parameters that were examined: Erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, the hematocrit, and the contents of hemoglobin.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at the end of the study
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 6 of the low dose and of the control groups
- Parameters that were examined: SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, cholesterol, total protein, and blood urea nitrogen

URINALYSIS: No data

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes

Statistics:

no data

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not specified

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Details on results:

See the table 3 below.

Two kinds of malignant tumor and nodular hyperplasia developed in the livers of rats treated with quinoline.
Malignant tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangiosarcomas. Areas of hepatocellular carcinoma were discrete and not encapsulated, and many showed invasion of surrounding liver tissue. Most of the cords in hepatocellular carcinomas were 2 or more cells thick. The nuclei of tumor cells were prominent and were often multiple, and most tumor cells showed greater cytoplasmic basophilia than did non-neoplastic parenchymal cells.

Mitotic figures were frequent in the cells of tumor tissues. Nodular hyperplasia was observed in 6 of 11 rats (54.5%) in Group 1 (0.05% of quinoline) and 4 of 16 rats (25.0%) in Group 2 (0.1% of quinoline), but not in the rats in the high-dose group. Areas of hemangioendotheliomas or hemangiosarcomas were composed of newly formed irregular capillary structures, proliferating endothelial cells, and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells. Tumor cells of hemangiosarcomas frequently showed mitotic figures and were irregular in size. Vascular spaces, occasionally filled with erythrocytes and hemorrhagic materials, were frequent in neoplastic lesions.

In the non-neoplastic region of the liver, there appeared a slight to moderate degree of oval cell infiltration and proliferation of the bile ducts and also fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells. Occasionally, small foci were seen showing dilated sinusoidal spaces and proliferated endothelial cells with a multilayered arrangement. No cholangiofibrosis, fibrosis, or cirrhotic changes were seen in any groups.

Two of the 16 rats treated with 0.1% quinoline had hemorrhagic metastatic foci in the lungs. These foci showed the same histological pattern as hemangiosarcomas with large irregular nuclei and many mitotic figures. Animals treated with quinoline did not develop primary neoplasms in any organs, including s.c. or retroperitoneal tissues, other than in the liver. Hemoperitoneum or hemothorax were not seen.

Relevance of carcinogenic effects / potential:

The carcinogenic effects are considered relevant to quinoline.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male

Basis for effect level:

other: based on liver tumours at each concentration

Remarks on result:

not determinable

Remarks:

no NOAEL identified. Effect type:carcinogenicity (migrated information)

Dose descriptor:

LOAEL

Effect level:

0.05 other: % in diet

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male

Basis for effect level:

other: based on liver tumours at the lowest dose applied

Remarks on result:

other: Effect type: carcinogenicity (migrated information)

Dose descriptor:

T25

Effect level:

ca. 6 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male

Basis for effect level:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks on result:

other: Effect type: carcinogenicity (migrated information)

Table 1 Changes in body and liver weights of rats treated with quinoline (mean ± SD)

Concentration in diet [%]	No of rats^a	Mean survival (weeks)	Body weight [g]		Liver weight
			initial	Final	g	% body weight
0.05	11	36.5 ± 5.0	168.0 ± 6.9	556.0 ± 64.0	21.3 ± 8.4	3.8 ± 1.4
0.1	16	27.3 ± 6.0	179.3 ± 8.0	451 ± 52.9	19.1 ± 5.2	4.2 ± 1.0
0.25	19	20.0 ± 3.8	178.3 ± 10.4	330.4 ± 62.6	16.1 ± 3.4	4.9 ± 1.0
control	6	40.0 ± 0.0	178.8 ± 8.2	677.5 ± 64.5	12.3 ± 1.3	1.8 ± 0.0

^arats dying within 16 weeks were not included.

 

Table 2 Blood analysis in rats treated with quinoline for 40 weeks (mean ± SD)

Conc. in diet %	No of rats^a	RBC (x 10 000)	WBC (x 100)	Ht (%)	Hb (g/dl)	SGOT	SGPT	ALP	Ch-E (ΔpH)	TP (g/dl)	BUN (mg/dl)
0.05	6	621.7 ± 127.7	81.3 ± 20.6	43.2 ± 9.0	13.1 ±2.6	141.8 ± 39.5	40.7 ± 19.4	13.8 ± 3.4	0.2 ± 0.0	8.0 ± 0.5	11.5 ± 0.8
control	6	686.8 ± 39.7	93.8 ± 26.0	46.6 ± 1.5	15.4 ± 0.7	96.8 ± 7.2	35.2 ± 4.3	10.2 ± 2.9	0.1 ± 0.0	7.7 ± 0.5	10.0 ± 3.5

RBC red blood cell

WBC white blood cell

Ht hematocrit

Hb hemoglobin

ALP alkaline phosphatase [King Armstrong units]

SGOT serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [Karmen unit]

SGPT serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [Karmen unit]

BUN blood urea nitrogen

Ch-E cholinesterase

TP total protein

Table 3 Histological changes in the liver of rats treated with quinoline

Conc. in diet [%]	No of rats^a	Liver change			No of tumor [%]
		Oval cells	Bile duct prolifer-ation	Fatty change	Nodular hyperplasia	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Hemangio- endothelioma
0.05	11	±	±	++	6 (54.5)	3 (27.2)	6 (54.5)
0.1	16	+	+	++	4 (25.0)	3 (18.7)	12 (75.0)
0.25	19	++	+	+	0	0	18 (95.0)
control	6	-	-	-	0	0	0

^arats dying within 16 weeks were not included.

 

Conclusions:

Quinoline produces tumors in the liver of rats receiving the substance in the diet.

Executive summary:

The effects of prolonged p.o. administration of quinoline on rat liver were examined histologically. Hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangioendotheliomas were observed in the livers of rats fed a basal diet containing 0.05, 0.10, or 0.25% quinoline for about 16 to 40 weeks.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

T25

6 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

chronic

Species:

rat

Carcinogenicity: via inhalation route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

carcinogenicity: inhalation

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

105 weeks

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP conform study.

Qualifier:

no guideline available

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Groups of 49 male and 49 female rats were exposed to naphthalene by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 10, 30, or 60 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. Survival, body weights, pathology findings and gross observations are reported.

GLP compliance:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

Fischer 344

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Taconic Laboratory Animals and Services (Germantown, NY)
- Age at study initiation: 6 weeks
- Weight at study initiation:
- Fasting period before study:
- Housing: Stainless steel chambers (Harford System, Division of Lab Products, Inc., Aberdeen, MD), changed weekly, 1 animal per chamber
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): NTP-2000 irradiated pelleted diet (Zeigler Brothers, Inc., Gardners, PA), available ad libitum except during exposure periods, changed weekly
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Softened tap water (Richland municipal supply) via automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford WI), available ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 75° ± 3°F
- Relative humidity: 55% ± 15%
- Room fluorescent light: 12 hours/day
- Chamber air changes: 15 ± 2/hour

- Date of First Exposure: 28 March 1996
- Date of Last Exposure: 27 March 1998
- Necropsy Dates: 30 March-2 April 1998
- Average Age at Necropsy: 110-111 (males) or 111 (females) weeks

Route of administration:

inhalation: vapour

Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):

whole body

Vehicle:

clean air

Details on exposure:

GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: The generator consisted of a 2-L glass reaction flask surrounded by a heated mantle. Heated nitrogen metered into the flask carried the vaporized naphthalene out of the generator. The mantle and nitrogen temperatures were adjusted to maintain the temperature of the vapour above the bulk naphthalene between 66°C and 71° C while the bulk chemical was monitored to ensure that its temperature was maintained below the melting point.
- Method of conditioning air: heated, HEPA- and charcoal-filtered air
- Temperature: 75° ± 3°F
- Relative humidity: 55% ± 15%
- Chamber air changes: 15 ± 2/hour

TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: The naphthalene concentrations in the exposure chambers were monitored by an online gas chromatograph; the average chamber concentrations were maintained within 1% of the target concentrations. Samples were drawn from each exposure chamber approximately every 24 minutes using a 12-port stream select valve. The online gas chromatograph was checked throughout the day for instrument drift against an online standard of naphthalene. The online gas chromatograph was calibrated monthly by a comparison of chamber concentration
data to data from grab samples, which were collected with charcoal sampling tubes and analyzed by an offline gas chromatograph. The offline gas chromatograph was calibrated with gravimetrically prepared standards of naphthalene containing 1-phenylhexane as an internal standard in toluene.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

On-line gas chromatograph (model 5890, manufactured by Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA), Flame ionization detector, column: DB-5, 30 m × 0.53 mm, 1.5 µm film (J&W Scientific), carrier gas: nitrogen at approximately 25 mL/minute, oven temperature program: isothermally at 175° C.
Off-line gas chromatograph (model 5890, manufactured by Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA), Flame ionization detector, column: DB-5, 30 m × 0.53 mm, 1.5 µm film (J&W Scientific), carryer gas: helium at 6 psi head pressure, oven temperature program: 60° C for 1 minute, then 16° C/minute to 200°C

Duration of treatment / exposure:

6 hours plus T90 (12 minutes) per day

Frequency of treatment:

5 days per week, for 105 weeks

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 10, 30, or 60 ppm (0, 52, 157, and 314 mg/m3)
Basis:
analytical conc.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

49 per sex per concentration

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale:
The exposure concentrations for the naphthalene study were selected based on the results of a 2-year study in mice in which animals were exposed to 0, 10, or 30 ppm. Additionally, the highest exposure concentration (60 ppm) was selected to allow for variations in the maximum achievable concentration without aerosolization, determined by the study laboratory to be approximately 80 ppm, due to changes in temperature or operating conditions within the exposure system. The lowest concentration of 10 ppm is the threshold limit value for naphthalene (ACGIH, 1999).

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Observed twice daily

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Clinical findings were recorded every 4 weeks beginning at week 4 and every 2 weeks beginning at week 92.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights were recorded on study day 1, every 4 weeks beginning at week 4, and every 2 weeks beginning at week 92.

NECROPSY
Necropsy was performed on all core study animals.

HISTOPATHOLOGY
Complete histopathology was performed on all core study animals. In addition to gross lesions and tissue masses, the following tissues were
examined: adrenal gland, bone with marrow, brain, clitoral gland, esophagus, eyes, heart, large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum), small intestine
(duodenum, jejunum, ileum), kidney, larynx, liver, lung with mainstem bronchi, lymph nodes (mandibular, mesenteric, bronchial, mediastinal),
mammary gland (females), nose, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, preputial gland, prostate gland, salivary gland, skin, spleen,
stomach (forestomach and glandular), testis (with epididymis and seminal vesicle) thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, urinary bladder, and uterus.

Sacrifice and pathology:

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes

Statistics:

Survival Analyses: The probability of survival was estimated by the product-limit procedure of Kaplan and Meier (1958) and is presented in the form of graphs. A missexed animal was censored from the survival analyses; animals dying from natural causes were not censored. Statistical analyses for possible dose-related effects on survival used Cox (1972) method for testing two groups for equality and Tarone (1975) life table test to identify dose-related trends. All reported P values for the survival analyses are two sided.

The Poly-k test (Bailer and Portier, 1988; Portier and Bailer, 1989; Piegorsch and Bailer, 1997) was used to assess neoplasm and nonneoplastic lesion prevalence.

Body weight data, which historically have approximately normal distributions, were analyzed with the parametric multiple comparison procedures of Dunnett (1955) and Williams (1971, 1972). Jonckheeres test (Jonckheere, 1954) was used to assess the significance of the dose-related trends and to determine whether a trend-sensitive test (Williams test) was more appropriate for pairwise comparisons than a test that does not assume a monotonic dose-related trend (Dunnetts test).

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no clinical findings related to naphthalene exposure.

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

There were no clinical findings related to naphthalene exposure.

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean body weights of all exposed groups of male rats were less than those of the chamber control group throughout most of the study. Mean body weights of exposed groups of females were generally similar to those of the chamber controls.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not examined

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Malignant nasal neoplasms were observed in several male and female rats. These masses frequently partially occluded the nasal passages or obliterated the normal architecture of the nasal turbinates and, in some affected animals, invaded the brain.

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Increased incidences of a variety of nonneoplastic lesions occurred in the nose of exposed male and female rats.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Increased incidences of a variety of neoplasms occurred in the nose of exposed male and female rats.

Details on results:

Nose: Increased incidences of a variety of neoplasms and nonneoplastic lesions occurred in the nose of exposed male and female rats. These lesions were observed in all three levels of the nasal cavity (level I, excised immediately posterior to the upper incisor teeth; level II, excised through the level of the incisive papilla anterior to the first palatial ridge; and level III, excised through the middle of the second molar teeth). Neuroblastomas of the olfactory epithelium occurred in males exposed to 30 or 60 ppm and in all exposed groups of females. The incidences of neuroblastoma occurred with positive trends in males and females, and the incidence in females exposed to 60 ppm was significantly greater than that in the chamber controls. Neuroblastomas have not been observed in male or female chamber control rats. Neuroblastomas were variably sized, unilateral or bilateral invasive masses that arose in Level III of the nasal cavity and extended into Levels II and I. Larger masses occluded the nasal passages and often obliterated the nasal architecture invading nerves, nasal bones, and the cribriform plate. Other masses extended along the mucosa and replaced the epithelium of the turbinates and nasal septum. The morphology of the neuroblastomas varied. Component neoplastic cells were round, polygonal, or spindleshaped and arranged in variably sized, irregular islands, cords, and rosettes separated by fibrovascular stroma. In other masses, component cells were arranged in a glandular pattern. Some cells had scant eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm with pale oval to polygonal vesicular nuclei and prominent central nucleoli; others had abundant cytoplasm and elongate, intensely basophilic nuclei. Small nests of neoplastic cells were present in the lamina propria of the turbinates and nasal septum, and in olfactory nerve bundles. A few neoplasms had focal irregular areas of squamous metaplasia, sometimes extensive with formation of keratin pearls. Variably sized focal areas of coagulative necrosis were also observed in most neuroblastomas. Mitotic figures were abundant. Neoplasms that invaded the cribriform plate extended into the olfactory lobes of the brain. One male each in the 30 and 60 ppm groups had metastases in the lungs. The incidences of adenoma of the respiratory epithelium occurred with a positive trend in male rats and were significantly increased in all exposed groups; the incidences in female rats exposed to 30 or 60 ppm were also increased, but not significantly. Nasal adenomas have not been observed in male or female chamber control rats. Adenomas arose from the respiratory and transitional epithelia of Levels I and II of the nasal cavity along the medial or lateral aspects or tips of the nasoturbinates or the lateral wall. They were irregular exophytic, polypoid, pedunculated or broad-based sessile masses that varied in size and sometimes partially occluded the nasal passages. Component neoplastic cells were well-differentiated, simple to cuboidal to columnar and arranged primarily as variably sized glands surrounded by scant fibrovascular stroma with few focal solid areas of cells. In some masses, the epithelium appeared to be pseudostratified. The glands were often variably distended by luminal accumulations of proteinaceous secretory material and cellular debris. A few adenomas were composed of less well differentiated cells that were squamoid in morphology; these cell were large, round to polygonal, with scant to moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and large round to oval nuclei that contained one or two prominent nucleoli. In addition to the nasal neoplasms, the incidences of a variety of nonneoplastic lesions in exposed males and females were significantly greater than those in the chamber controls. These lesions included atypical (basal cell) hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic inflammation, and hyaline degeneration of the olfactory epithelium; hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, hyaline degeneration, and goblet cell hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium; and glandular hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. In general, the severities of olfactory epithelial and glandular lesions increased with increasing exposure concentration. Atypical hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium occurred primarily along the nasal septum of the ethmoid region. Atypical hyperplasia consisted of disorganization of olfactory epithelium with proliferation of nests of sensory cells within or beneath the epithelium and multifocal nodular proliferations of basal cells, which extended into the submucosa. Atrophy of olfactory epithelium was characterized by a decrease in the height of the epithelium lining the dorsal meatuses of Level II and the ethmoid turbinates of Level III due to variable loss of epithelial cells. Mild atrophy consisted of only loss of sustentacular cells. Moderate atrophy consisted of loss of mostly sustentacular cells; however, there was also loss of olfactory neurons. In the most severe cases, there was complete loss of sustentacular cells and neurons, leaving only basal epithelial cells. Frequently, ciliated columnar cells replaced normal olfactory epithelium. Although included in the spectrum of changes diagnosed as olfactory epithelial atrophy, the latter alteration is often classified as respiratory epithelial metaplasia. Chronic inflammation of the olfactory region consisted of infiltrates of primarily mononuclear inflammatory cells within the lamina propria invariably accompanied by fibrosis (Plate 10). In affected sites, there was often synechia between adjacent turbinates. Respiratory epithelial hyperplasia involved the lateral wall and medial surface of the naso- and maxilloturbinates, and was mostly focal to segmental but sometimes involved most of the turbinate extending onto the lateral wall in Levels I and II of the nasal cavity. The affected epithelia appeared thickened by increased numbers of disorganized, often pseudostratified, epithelial cells (Plate 11); component epithelial cells were non-ciliated flattened, or ciliated cuboidal to columnar ciliated. Frequently, the hyperplastic ciliated epithelium was folded in rugose fashion sometimes extending into the submucosa forming pseudoglands, or was continuous with the epithelium of submucosal glands. Respiratory epithelial squamous metaplasia involved the lateral surfaces of the nasoturbinates and the lateral wall in Level I of the nasal cavity. Metaplasia consisted of replacement of the normally ciliated respiratory epithelium by one to six layers of polygonal cells with flattening of the more superficial cells. Keratinization was seldom noted. Glandular hyperplasia primarily affected the Bowman.s glands of the nasal septum, in the dorsal meatus, and ethmoid turbinates in Level III of the nasal cavity. Hyperplasia consisted of proliferation of glands that were frequently enlarged or distended with cell debris and proteinaceous material. Frequently, affected glands were lined by hyperplastic ciliated epithelium that was continuous with that of the mucosa. The hyperplastic cells were often distended by intracytoplasmic protein or protein globules. Squamous metaplasia of glands often accompanied hyperplasia. It was characterized by replacement of the normal epithelial lining by several layers of nonkeratinized squamous cells that often obliterated the glandular lumen. Goblet cell hyperplasia was generally of minimal severity and primarily involved the respiratory epithelium of the nasal septum in Level I of the nasal cavity. Goblet cells were increased in number, were swollen with mucus, and often formed in small gland-like clusters within the mucosal epithelium. Hyaline degeneration was a focal or multifocal, minimal to mild change that affected both the respiratory and olfactory epithelia. Affected epithelial cells were swollen by intracytoplasmic homogenous, brightly eosinophilic globules. These globules are commonly observed in aging animals, and the severity may increase with age. In chronic inhalation studies, the incidence and severity of this change are often exacerbated in an exposure-dependent manner. Goblet cell hyperplasia and hyaline degeneration are considered nonspecific protective or adaptive responses to chronic inhalation of irritants.


Lung: The incidences of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia in all exposed groups of female rats were greater than that in the chamber controls (chamber control, 4/49; 10 ppm, 11/49; 30 ppm, 11/49; 60 ppm, 9/49); the increased incidences in the 10 and 30 ppm groups were significant. However, in male rats, the incidences of hyperplasia were significantly decreased in the 10 and 30 ppm groups (23/49, 12/49, 9/48, 16/49). The incidences of minimal chronic inflammation of the lungs were significantly increased in male rats exposed to 10 or 60 ppm (2/49, 13/49, 6/48, 15/49). The incidences of lung neoplasms were not affected in exposed males (2/49, 3/49, 1/48, 0/49) or females (1/49, 0/49, 0/49, 0/49). Chronic inflammation consisted of small focal interstitial and intra-alveolar collections of varying numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes along with minimal interstitial fibrosis. Mixed with the inflammatory cells were multinucleated
giant cells, cell debris, and cholesterol clefts. This change occurred subpleurally and/or at the tips of lung lobes. Such minimal inflammatory foci are often found in chamber control rats, as they were in this study. Although the incidences of chronic inflammation were increased in groups exposed to naphthalene, it was not clear whether this change was exposure related.

Dose descriptor:

LOAEC

Effect level:

52 mg/m³ air (analytical)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in olfactory epithelium and in respiratory epithelium

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

Effect type: other: toxicity and carcinogenicity (migrated information)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEC

Remarks on result:

not determinable

Remarks:

no NOAEC identified

Table 1: Results of the NTP Carcinogenicity Inhalation Study on Rats: Survey on Nasal
               Tumours and Non-neoplastic Effects [NTP, Dec. 2000]

Exposure Concentration	0 ml/m^3	10 ml/m^3	30 ml/m^3	60 ml/m^3
Neoplastic changes
Male animals
Alveolar/brochiolar carcinoma	0	3 (6 %)	0	0
Respiratory epithelium, neuroblastoma (metastatic)	0	0	1 (2 %)	1 (2 %)
Olfactory epithelium, neuroblastoma	0	0	4 (8 %)	3 (6 %)
Respiratory epithelium, adenoma	0	6 (12 %)	8 (17 %)	15 (31 %)
Female animals
Olfactory epithelium, neuroblastoma	0	2 (4 %)	3 (6 %)	11 (22 %)
Olfactory epithelium, neuroblastoma (metastatic, nose)	0	0	0	1 (2 %)
Respiratory epithelium, adenoma	0	0	4 (8 %)	2 (4 %)
Non-neoplastic changes
Male animals
Olfactory epithelium: atrophy	3 (6 %)	49 (100 %)	48 (100 %)	47 (98 %)
Olfactory epithelium: hyaline degeneration	3 (6 %)	45 (92 %)	40 (83 %)	38 (79 %)
Olfactory epithelium: atypical hyperplasia	0	48 (98 %)	45 (94 %)	46 (96 %)
Olfactory epithelium: chronic inflammation	0	49 (100 %)	48 (100 %)	48 (100 %)
Respiratory epithelium: hyaline degeneration	0	20 (41 %)	19 (40 %)	19 (40 %)
Respiratory epithelium: hyperplasia	3 (6 %)	21 (43 %)	29 (60 %)	29 (60 %)
Respiratory epithelium: squamous metaplasia	0	15 (31 %)	23 (48 %)	18 (38 %)
Glands (nose): hyperplasia	1 (2 %)	49 (100 %)	48 (100 %)	48 (100 %)
Glands (nose): squamous metaplasia	0	3 (6 %)	14 (29 %)	26 (54 %)
Goblet cells (resp. epithelium): hyperplasia	0	25 (51 %)	29 (60 %)	26 54 %)
Female animals
Olfactory epithelium: atrophy	0	49 (100 %)	49 (100 %)	47 (96 %)
Olfactory epithelium: hyaline degeneration	13 (27 %)	46 (94 %)	49 (100 %)	45 (92 %)
Olfactory epithelium: atypical hyperplasia	0	48 (98 %)	48 (98 %)	43 (88 %)
Olfactory epithelium: chronic inflammation	0	47 (96 %)	47 (96 %)	45 (92 %)
Respiratory epithelium: hyaline degeneration	8 (16 %)	33 (67 %)	34 (69 %)	28 (57 %)
Respiratory epithelium: hyperplasia	0	18 (37 %)	22 (45 %)	23 (47 %)
Respiratory epithelium: squamous metaplasia	0	21 (43 %)	17 (35 %)	15 (31 %)
Glands (nose): hyperplasia	0	48 (100 %)	48 (100 %)	42 (86 %)
Glands (nose): squamous metaplasia	0	16 (33 %)	29 (59 %)	20 (41 %)
Goblet cells (resp. epithelium): hyperplasia	0	16 (33 %)	29 (59 %)	20 (41 %)

TABLE 2: Summary of the Incidence of Neoplasms in Male Rats in the 2-Year Inhalation Study of Naphthalene a)

	Chamber Control	10 ppm	30 ppm	60 ppm
Disposition Summary
Animals initially in study	49	49	49	49
Early deaths
Moribund	21	22	19	25
Natural deaths	4	5	6	3
Survivors
Terminal sacrifice	24	22	23	21
Missexed			1
Animals examined microscopically	49	49	48	49
Alimentary System
Intestine large, colon	(48)	(49)	(48)	(48)
Polyp adenomatous			1 (2%)
Intestine large, cecum	(46)	(49)	(47)	(48)
Intestine small, jejunum	(45)	(47)	(43)	(47)
Carcinoma				1 (2%)
Leiomyosarcoma				1 (2%)
Intestine small, ileum	(45)	(47)	(45)	(47)
Liver	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	1 (2%)			1 (2%)
Hepatocellular adenoma	1 (2%)			3 (6%)
Mesentery	(13)	(6)	(9)	(8)
Hemangiosarcoma				1 (13%)
Sarcoma	1 (8%)
Pancreas	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Adenoma	1 (2%)			2 (4%)
Carcinoma				1 (2%)
Mixed tumor benign			1 (2%)
Salivary glands	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Stomach, forestomach	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Stomach, glandular	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Tongue		(1)	(1)
Squamous cell carcinoma		1 (100%)
Cardiovascular System
Heart	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Schwannoma benign		1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Schwannoma malignant, metastatic, skin			1 (2%)
Endocrine System
Adrenal cortex	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Adenoma	2 (4%)		1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Adrenal medulla	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Pheochromocytoma malignant	1 (2%)	3 (6%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Pheochromocytoma benign	4 (8%)	6 (12%)	6 (13%)	8 (16%)
Bilateral, pheochromocytoma benign		1 (2%)
Islets, pancreatic	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Adenoma	2 (4%)	5 (10%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)
Carcinoma	4(8%)	4(8%)	4(8%)	4(8%)
Pituitary gland	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Pars distalis, adenoma	31 (63%)	31 (63%)	35 (74%)	29 (59%)
Thyroid gland	(46)	(47)	(45)	(47)
Bilateral, C-cell, adenoma		1 (2%)
C-cell, adenoma	9 (20%)	5 (11%)	4 (9%)	4 (9%)
C-cell, carcinoma	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Follicular cell, adenoma			1 (2%)
Follicular cell, carcinoma		1 (2%)
Genital System
Epididymis	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Preputial gland	(48)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Adenoma	3 (6%)		1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Carcinoma	3(6%)	1(2%)	1(2%)	1(2%)
Prostate	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Seminal vesicle	(47)	(49)	(47)	(47)
Carcinoma			1 (2%)
Testes	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Bilateral, interstitial cell, adenoma	24 (49%)	22 (45%)	19 (40%)	20 (41%)
Interstitial cell, adenoma	14 (29%)	10 (20%)	17 (35%)	11 (22%)
Hematopoietic System
Bone marrow	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Lymph node	(3)	(3)	(8)	(4)
Lymph node, bronchial	(29)	(36)	(38)	(35)
Lymph node, mandibular	(40)	(45)	(46)	(44)
Lymph node, mesenteric	(47)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Lymph node, mediastinal	(24)	(28)	(44)	(41)
Spleen	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Hemangiosarcoma		1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Thymus	(47)	(46)	(43)	(46)
Schwannoma malignant, metastatic, skin			1 (2%)
Musculoskeletal System
Bone	(49)	(49)	(48)	-49
Osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Nervous System
Brain	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Neuroblastoma, metastatic, nose				2 (4%)
Spinal cord		(1)
Special Senses System
Eye	(48)	(48)	(48)	(48)
Zymbal's gland			(1)	(1)
Carcinoma			1 (100%)
Bilateral, carcinoma				1 (100%)
Urinary System
Kidney	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Schwannoma malignant, metastatic, skin			1 (2%)
Renal tubule, carcinoma				1 (2%)
Transitional epithelium, carcinoma	1 (2%)
Urinary bladder	(48)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Transitional epithelium, papilloma	1 (2%)			2 (4%)
Systemic Lesions
Multiple organs b)	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Leukemia mononuclear	26 (53%)	21 (43%)	24 (50%)	17 (35%)
Mesothelioma benign	2 (4%)		1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Neoplasm Summary
Total animals with primary neoplasmsc)	48	49	48	49
Total primary neoplasms	149	139	152	148
Total animals with benign neoplasms	46	47	47	47
Total benign neoplasms	107	96	110	108
Total animals with malignant neoplasms	34	32	34	32
Total malignant neoplasms	42	43	42	39
Total animals with metastatic neoplasms	4	3	4	2
Total metastatic neoplasms	4	3	8	2
Total animals with uncertain neoplasms   benign or malignant				1
Total uncertain neoplasms				1

a) Number of animals examined microscopically at the site and the number of animals with neoplasm

b) Number of animals with any tissue examined microscopically

c) Primary neoplasms: all neoplasms except metastatic neoplasms

TABLE 3 Summary of the Incidence of Nonneoplastic Lesions in Male Rats in the 2-Year Inhalation Study of Naphthalene a)

	Chamber Control	10 ppm	30 ppm	60 ppm
Disposition Summary
Animals initially in study	49	49	49	49
Early deaths
Moribund	21	22	19	25
Natural deaths	4	5	6	3
Survivors
Terminal sacrifice	24	22	23	21
Missexed			1
Animals examined microscopically	49	49	48	49
Alimentary System
Liver	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Angiectasis	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Basophilic focus	34 (69%)	31 (63%)	28 (58%)	32 (65%)
Clear cell focus	14 (29%)	14 (29%)	14 (29%)	11 (22%)
Degeneration, cystic	3 (6%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Eosinophilic focus	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Fatty change	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	4 (8%)	5 (10%)
Hepatodiaphragmatic nodule	1 (2%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Inflammation, granulomatous		1 (2%)
Mixed cell focus	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Necrosis			1 (2%)
Regeneration	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Syncytial alteration				1 (2%)
Tension lipidosis			1 (2%)
Artery, inflammation	1 (2%)
Bile duct, hyperplasia	35 (71%)	32 (65%)	28 (58%)	21 (43%)
Centrilobular, necrosis	13 (27%)	11 (22%)	7 (15%)	4 (8%)
Mesentery	(13)	(6)	(9)	(8)
Artery, inflammation, chronic active	3 (23%)			1 (13%)
Artery, mineralization			1 (11%)
Fat, hemorrhage		1 (17%)
Fat, inflammation		1 (17%)
Fat, necrosis	10 (77%)	4 (67%)	8 (89%)	6 (75%)
Pancreas	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Atrophy	19 (39%)	17 (35%)	17 (35%)	14 (29%)
Basophilic focus		1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Hyperplasia		3 (6%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Artery, inflammation	1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Duct, cyst				1 (2%)
Salivary glands	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Atrophy		1 (2%)
Metaplasia, squamous	1 (2%)
Necrosis	1 (2%)
Stomach, forestomach	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Diverticulum	1 (2%)
Hyperplasia, squamous	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Inflammation, acute			1 (2%)
Necrosis				1 (2%)
Ulcer	1 (2%)	6 (12%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)
Stomach, glandular	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Inflammation, acute			1 (2%)
Mineralization		2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Necrosis	7 (14%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	3 (6%)
Ulcer		1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Artery, inflammation	1 (2%)
Tongue		(1)	(1)
Epithelium, hyperplasia			1 (100%)
Tooth	(1)	(2)	(4)	(2)
Inflammation, chronic active	1 (100%)	1 (50%)	4 (100%)
Malformation		1 (50%)		2 (100%
Cardiovascular System
Heart	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Cardiomyopathy	42 (86%)	44 (90%)	37 (77%)	42 (86%)
Necrosis	1 (2%)
Atrium, thrombosis	5 (10%)	2 (4%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)
Valve, thrombosis, chronic		1 (2%)
Endocrine System
Adrenal cortex	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Angiectasis	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Degeneration, cystic		2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Hyperplasia	30 (61%)	28 (57%)	23 (48%)	36 (73%)
Hypertrophy	7 (14%)	6 (12%)	9 (19%)	4 (8%)
Necrosis		1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Vacuolization cytoplasmic	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	3 (6%)
Adrenal medulla	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Hyperplasia	26 (53%)	13 (27%)	23 (49%)	12 (24%)
Necrosis		1 (2%)
Islets, pancreatic	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Hyperplasia		1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Pituitary gland	(49)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Angiectasis	1 (2%)			1 (2%)
Cyst		1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Pars distalis, hyperplasia	11 (22%)	12 (24%)	10 (21%)	15 (31%)
Thyroid gland	(46)	(47)	(45)	(47)
C-cell, hyperplasia	32 (70%)	36 (77%)	31 (69%)	33 (70%)
Follicular cell, hyperplasia	2 (4%)		3 (7%)
General Body System
Peritoneum			(1)
Inflammation, suppurative			1 (100%)
Genital System
Epididymis	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Angiectasis		1 (2%)
Granuloma sperm		1 (2%)
Preputial gland	(48)	(49)	(47)	(49)
Cyst			1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Hyperplasia, squamous	1 (2%)
Inflammation, chronic active	2 (4%)		2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Prostate	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Hyperplasia	11 (22%)	8 (16%)	16 (33%)	8 (16%)
Inflammation, chronic active	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)
Epithelium, hyperplasia	1 (2%)
Seminal vesicle	(47)	(49)	(47)	(47)
Inflammation, chronic active				1 (2%)
Testes	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Atrophy	2 (4%)	4 (8%)	2 (4%)	4 (8%)
Artery, inflammation, chronic active		2 (4%)		2 (4%)
Interstitial cell, hyperplasia	5 (10%)	9 (18%)	2 (4%)	11 (22%)
Hematopoietic System
Lymph node	(3)	(3)	(8)	(4)
Iliac, hemorrhage	1 (33%)
Lymph node, mandibular	(40)	(45)	(46)	(44)
Infiltration cellular, plasma cell	1 (3%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Infiltration cellular, polymorphonuclear	1 (3%)
Spleen	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Fibrosis	7 (14%)	12 (24%)	6 (13%)	6 (12%)
Hematopoietic cell proliferation	4 (8%)	3 (6%)	1 (2%)	4 (8%)
Hemorrhage	3 (6%)	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Necrosis	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Thrombosis	1 (2%)			1 (2%)
Musculoskeletal System
Bone	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Osteopetrosis			1 (2%)
Nervous System
Brain	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Degeneration	1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Necrosis			1 (2%)
Artery, inflammation	1 (2%)
Special Senses System
Eye	(48)	(48)	(48)	(48)
Cataract	4 (8%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	3 (6%)
Hemorrhage				1 (2%)
Inflammation, suppurative	1 (2%)
Retina, atrophy	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Urinary System
Kidney	(49)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Infarct	3 (6%)		1 (2%)	3 (6%)
Inflammation, suppurative				1 (2%)
Metaplasia, osseous			1 (2%)
Nephropathy	43 (88%)	44 (90%)	45 (94%)	43 (88%)
Renal tubule, hyperplasia			1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Urinary bladder	(48)	(49)	(48)	(49)
Hemorrhage	1 (2%)
Transitional epithelium, hyperplasia				1 (2%)

a) Number of animals examined microscopically at the site and the number of animals with lesion

TABLE 3: Summary of the Incidence of Neoplasms in Female Rats in the 2-Year Inhalation Study of Naphthalene a)

	Chamber Control	10 ppm	30 ppm	60 ppm
Disposition Summary
Animals initially in study	49	49	49	49
Early deaths
Moribund	18	22	16	21
Natural deaths	3	6	5	4
Survivors
Terminal sacrifice	28	21	28	24
Animals examined microscopically	49	49	49	49
Alimentary System
Intestine large, colon	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Intestine small, jejunum	(49)	(48)	(48)	(46)
Intestine small, ileum	(49)	(48)	(47)	(46)
Hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic, liver		1 (2%)
Liver	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Hepatocellular carcinoma		1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Mesentery	(13)	(8)	(7)	(5)
Pancreas	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Salivary glands	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Adenoma				1 (2%)
Stomach, forestomach	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Stomach, glandular	(49)	(48)	(49)	(49)
Hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic, liver		1 (2%)
Tongue	(1)	(1)		(1)
Squamous cell papilloma				1 (100%)
Epithelium, squamous cell papilloma		1 (100%)
Cardiovascular System
Heart	(49)	(49)	(49)	-49
Schwannoma benign			1 (2%)
Endocrine System
Adrenal cortex	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Adenoma	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Adrenal medulla	(48)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Pheochromocytoma benign	2 (4%)		1 (2%)	2 (4%)
Bilateral, pheochromocytoma benign	1 (2%)
Islets, pancreatic	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Adenoma	1(2%)	1(2%)	1(2%)	1(2%)
Carcinoma	1 (2%)
Parathyroid gland	(42)	(40)	(41)	(48)
Pituitary gland	(49)	(49)	(49)	(48)
Pars distalis, adenoma	23 (47%)	27 (55%)	24 (49%)	20 (42%)
Pars distalis, carcinoma			1 (2%)
Thyroid gland	(47)	(46)	(48)	(48)
Bilateral, C-cell, adenoma		1 (2%)
C-cell, adenoma	4 (9%)	3 (7%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
C-cell, carcinoma	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Follicular cell, carcinoma	1 (2%)
General Body System
None
Genital System
Clitoral gland	(49)	(47)	(49)	(48)
Adenoma	3 (6%)	7 (15%)	4 (8%)	2 (4%)
Carcinoma		1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Bilateral, adenoma	1 (2%)
Ovary	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Granulosa cell tumor malignant	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Granulosa-theca tumor malignant	1 (2%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic, liver		1 (2%)
Uterus	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Carcinoma			1 (2%)
Polyp stromal	14 (29%)	5 (10%)	8 (16%)	7 (14%)
Bilateral, polyp stromal	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Hematopoietic System
Bone marrow	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Lymph node	(2)	(3)	(2)	(3)
Lymph node, bronchial	(42)	(33)	(34)	(36)
Lymph node, mandibular	(47)	(39)	(46)	(47)
Lymph node, mesenteric	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Lymph node, mediastinal	(40)	(39)	(41)	(31)
Spleen	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Hemangiosarcoma	1 (2%)
Osteosarcoma, metastatic, bone		1 (2%)
Thymus	(46)	(45)	(48)	(41)
Musculoskeletal System
Bone	(49)	(49)	(49)	-49
Osteosarcoma		1 (2%)
Skeletal muscle		(2)
Nervous System
Brain	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Carcinoma, metastatic, pituitary gland			1 (2%)
Glioma malignant			1 (2%)
Neuroblastoma, metastatic, nose		1 (2%)		4 (8%)
Special Senses System
Zymbals gland	(2)	(1)
Carcinoma	2 (100%)	1 (100%)
Urinary System
Kidney	(48)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Renal tubule, carcinoma	1 (2%)
Urinary bladder	(48)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Transitional epithelium, papilloma	1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Systemic Lesions
Multiple organsb)	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Leukemia mononuclear	16 (33%)	21 (43%)	15 (31%)	15 (31%)
Mesothelioma benign			1 (2%)
Neoplasm Summary
Total animals with primary neoplasmsc)	44	48	47	44
Total primary neoplasms	104	106	97	89
Total animals with benign neoplasms	38	41	43	35
Total benign neoplasms	72	69	69	53
Total animals with malignant neoplasms	26	34	26	27
Total malignant neoplasms	32	37	28	36
Total animals with metastatic neoplasms		3	1
Total metastatic neoplasms		7	1

a) Number of animals examined microscopically at the site and the number of animals with neoplasm

b) Number of animals with any tissue examined microscopically

c) Primary neoplasms: all neoplasms except metastatic neoplasms

TABLE 5: Summary of the Incidence of Nonneoplastic Lesions in Female Rats in the 2-Year Inhalation Study of Naphthalene a)

	Chamber Control	10 ppm	30 ppm	60 ppm
Disposition Summary
Animals initially in study	49	49	49	49
Early deaths
Moribund	18	22	16	21
Natural deaths	3	6	5	4
Survivors
Terminal sacrifice	28	21	28	24
Animals examined microscopically	49	49	49	49
Alimentary System
Intestine large, cecum	(49)	(48)	(48)	(48)
Inflammation, acute				1 (2%)
Liver	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Angiectasis	2 (4%)	4(8%)	2(4%)	1(2%)
Basophilic focus	46 (94%)	44 (90%)	46 (94%)	44 (90%)
Clear cell focus	7 (14%)	16 (33%)	8 (16%)	6 (12%)
Cyst				1 (2%)
Eosinophilic focus	1 (2%)		6 (12%)	2 (4%)
Fatty change	10 (20%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	4 (8%)
Hepatodiaphragmatic nodule	4 (8%)	1 (2%)	6 (12%)	5 (10%)
Inflammation, chronic	2 (4%)
Mixed cell focus	6 (12%)	6 (12%)	7 (14%)	6 (12%)
Necrosis	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Regeneration	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Vacuolization cytoplasmic, focal	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Bile duct, hyperplasia	5 (10%)	5 (10%)	5 (10%)	6 (12%)
Centrilobular, necrosis	11 (22%)	11 (22%)	7 (14%)	9 (18%)
Hepatocyte, atrophy			1 (2%)
Mesentery	(13)	(8)	(7)	(5)
Fat, hemorrhage	1 (8%)
Fat, inflammation		1 (13%)
Fat, necrosis	13 (100%)	7 (88%)	6 (86%)	5 (100%)
Pancreas	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Atrophy	18 (37%)	9 (18%)	11 (22%)	10 (20%)
Basophilic focus		1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Hyperplasia		1 (2%)
Duct, cyst		1 (2%)
Salivary glands	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Atrophy	1 (2%)			2 (4%)
Basophilic focus	1 (2%)
Stomach, forestomach	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Hyperplasia, squamous				1 (2%)
Inflammation, acute	1 (2%)
Ulcer	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)
Stomach, glandular	(49)	(48)	(49)	(49)
Hyperplasia			1 (2%)
Mineralization	2 (4%)	2 (4%)		2 (4%)
Necrosis	3 (6%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Ulcer	1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Tongue	(1)	(1)		(1)
Epithelium, hyperplasia	1 (100%)
Tooth			(1)	(1)
Malformation			1 (100%)	1 (100%)
Cardiovascular System
Heart	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Cardiomyopathy	32 (65%)	31 (63%)	31 (63%)	34 (69%)
Atrium, thrombosis	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Endocrine System
Adrenal cortex	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Atrophy	2 (4%)
Degeneration, cystic	4 (8%)	4 (8%)	3 (6%)	3 (6%)
Hyperplasia	23 (47%)	12 (24%)	18 (37%)	24 (49%)
Hypertrophy	7 (14%)	4 (8%)	12 (24%)	6 (12%)
Necrosis	4 (8%)	2 (4%)		1 (2%)
Thrombosis	1 (2%)
Vacuolization cytoplasmic		2 (4%)		1 (2%)
Adrenal medulla	(48)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Hyperplasia	10 (21%)	3 (6%)	9 (18%)	5 (10%)
Necrosis	2 (4%)	1 (2%)
Thrombosis	1 (2%)
Islets, pancreatic	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Hyperplasia			1 (2%)
Parathyroid gland	(42)	(40)	(41)	(48)
Hyperplasia			1 (2%)
Pituitary gland	(49)	(49)	(49)	(48)
Angiectasis	2(4%)	2(4%)	3(6%)	2(4%)
Cyst				1 (2%)
Pars distalis, hyperplasia	24 (49%)	13 (27%)	18 (37%)	15 (31%)
Thyroid gland	(47)	(46)	(48)	(48)
C-cell, hyperplasia	39 (83%)	37 (80%)	37 (77%)	42 (88%)
Follicular cell, hyperplasia			1 (2%)
General Body System  None
Genital System
Clitoral gland	(49)	(47)	(49)	(48)
Hyperplasia	1 (2%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	3 (6%)
Inflammation, chronic active	2 (4%)		1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Ovary	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Cyst	7 (14%)	9 (18%)	11 (22%)	8 (16%)
Inflammation, granulomatous	1 (2%)	1 (2%)		2 (4%)
Uterus	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Cyst	1 (2%)
Vagina			(1)
Inflammation, suppurative			1 (100%)
Hematopoietic System
Bone marrow	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Atrophy				1 (2%)
Hyperplasia, reticulum cell	1 (2%)		1 (2%)
Myelofibrosis	1 (2%)
Lymph node, mediastinal	(40)	(39)	(41)	(31)
Congestion			1 (2%)
Hemorrhage			1 (2%)
Spleen	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Fibrosis	3 (6%)	3 (6%)	3 (6%)	2 (4%)
Hematopoietic cell proliferation	2 (4%)	4 (8%)	1 (2%)	4 (8%)
Hemorrhage		2 (4%)		1 (2%)
Metaplasia, osseous				1 (2%)
Necrosis	2 (4%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Thymus	(46)	(45)	(48)	(41)
Cyst			1 (2%)
Musculoskeletal System
Bone	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Osteopetrosis	10 (20%)	4 (8%)	7 (14%)	5 (10%)
Nervous System
Brain	(49)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Angiectasis			1 (2%)
Degeneration	1 (2%)
Thrombosis	1 (2%)
Special Senses System
Eye	(48)	(47)	(46)	(48)
Cataract	5 (10%)	2 (4%)	6 (13%)	3 (6%)
Cornea, infiltration cellular, polymorphonuclear	2 (4%)
Retina, atrophy	5 (10%)	2 (4%)	4 (9%)	2 (4%)
Harderian gland				(1)
Inflammation, chronic				1 (100%)
Urinary System
Kidney	(48)	(49)	(49)	(49)
Cyst		1 (2%)
Infarct			1 (2%)	1 (2%)
Nephropathy	41 (85%)	38 (78%)	34 (69%)	31 (63%)
Renal tubule, necrosis	1 (2%)	1 (2%)

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in male and female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma of the nose. In male and female rats, exposure to naphthalene caused significant increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose.

Executive summary:

Groups of 49 male and 49 female rats were exposed to naphthalene by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 10, 30, or 60 ppm for 6 hours plus T90 (12 minutes) per day, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. The survival of all exposed groups of male and female rats was similar to that of the chamber controls. Mean body weights of all exposed groups of males were less than those of the chamber control group throughout most of the study. Masses were observed in the nose of male and female rats. These masses frequently partially occluded the nasal passages or obliterated the normal architecture of the nasal turbinates.

The incidences of neuroblastoma of the olfactory epithelium, a rare neoplasm, occurred with positive trends in males and females. Because this neoplasm did not occur in chamber control rats or in male rats exposed to 10 ppm and because this neoplasm has not been seen in the historical chamber control rats in NTP 2-year inhalation studies, the increased incidences of neuroblastoma were considered to be related to naphthalene exposure. In males, the incidences of adenoma of the respiratory epithelium of the nose, another rare neoplasm, occurred with a positive trend and were significantly increased in all exposed groups; none occurred in the chamber controls. In females, these neoplasms occurred in the 30 and 60 ppm group but not in the chamber control or 10 ppm groups. Because these neoplasms did not occur in the chamber controls and have not been observed in the historical chamber control rats in NTP 2-year inhalation studies, the incidences of nasal adenoma were considered to be related to naphthalene exposure.

Increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose associated with exposure to naphthalene included atypical hyperplasia, atrophy, chronic inflammation, and hyaline degeneration of the olfactory epithelium; hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, hyaline degeneration, and goblet cell hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium; and glandular hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia.

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of naphthalene in male and female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma of the nose. In male and female rats, exposure to naphthalene caused significant increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the nose.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

LOAEC

52 mg/m³

Study duration:

chronic

Species:

rat

Carcinogenicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Justification for classification or non-classification

Quinoline is classified as carcinogen Cat. 1B according to Regulation (EC) No 790/2009, Annex I amending Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP regulation). It is present in wash oil at concentrations clearly above 0.1 % triggering classification of wash oil as carcinogen Cat. 1B (CLP Regulation, Chapter 3.6, Table 3.6.2).

As a more general rule for classification of wash oil as carcinogen, the following applies: if quinoline content is ≥ 0.1 %, then applies Carc. Cat. 1B (H350) and Note M does not apply; otherwise, wash oil carcinogenicity depends on benzo[a]pyrene content (according to Note M).

In addition, if concentrations of quinoline and benzo[a]pyrene in wash oil are below the cut-off limits of 0.1 % and 0.005 % (50 ppm) respectively and naphthalene concentration in wash oil is ≥ the cut-off limit of 1.0 % for carcinogenic ingredients classified Carc. 2, then wash oil is classified as carcinogenic Cat. 2 (H351).

Additional information

No experimental information is available on the carcinogenicity of creosote oil, acenaphthene fraction (wash oil) itself. But in Annex VI, Table 3.1 of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, creosote oil, acenaphthene fraction is classified as Carc. 1B. This applies if the content of benzo[a]pyrene in wash oil is equal or higher than 0.005 % w/w (Note M). In practice, typical concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in wash oil is below the upper limit (0.005 % w/w) of the concentration range reported in Chapter 1.2.

There are two other constituents of wash oil classified as carcinogens. Quinoline is classified as Carc. 1B in Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 790/2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 while naphthalene is classified as Carc. 2 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Annex VI, Table 3.1.

Quinoline is present in wash oil at a typical concentration of ca. 3 %. Maximum percentage can be higher (5 or 8 %). Typical naphthalene concentration in wash oil is ca. 12 % with a maximum of up to 20 %.

Classification as carcinogen is based on experimental evidence. Hence, the higher category assigned to quinoline indicates more severe effects. Quinoline was demonstrated in an animal experiment (Hirao et al. 1976) to show a distinct dose related carcinogenic effect. Combined evidence of quinoline data indicates that genotoxicity is included in the carcinogenic mode of action. Extrapolation of the carcinogenic potency of quinoline to humans is not in question.

Regarding naphthalene carcinogenicity, mode of action is not completely clear. There is a debate within the scientific community and regulatory bodies about the toxicological relevance for humans of effects observed in rodents.

Quinoline and naphthalene are present in wash oil at concentrations above the cut off limit for classification of mixtures with respect to ingredient concentration (generic concentrations limit for Cat. 1B carcinogen ≥ 0.1 % and for Cat 2 carcinogen ≥ 1.0 %). Taking into account the classification of quinoline as carcinogenic Cat. 1B and its content in wash oil, wash oil is classified as carcinogenic Cat 1B as well, independently of its content of benzo[a]pyrene.

The methylnaphthalenes are disregarded for the assessment of wash oil carcinogenicity. They are not classified as carcinogenic and in the studies of Murata (1997 and 1993) indication of carcinogenicity of the test substances 1- and 2-methylnaphpthalene is weak or ambiguous. Study results for 2-methylnaphthalene suggest a possible weak carcinogenic potential in male but not female test animals. For 1-methylnaphthalene a carcinogenic potential was not evident. In both cases, a dose-response relationship could not be established. Data are not indicative of a carcinogenic potential of 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene in humans.

As quinoline triggers the classification of wash oil as carcinogen Cat. 1B, this substance is selected as marker substance for the human health assessment of wash oil. Human health assessment will be based on DMELs derived for quinoline as there is no threshold for the carcinogenic effect of quinoline.

Starting point for the derivation of quinoline DMELs is the oral T25 of 6 mg/kg bw/day (see above).

Using this value, the hazard arising from the carcinogenicity of quinoline may be overestimated for inhalation and dermal exposure based on the following argumentation.

According to US EPA 2001, it is questionable whether inhalation would cause the same liver effects in rats and mice as by the oral route. Citation: '… There is evidence to suggest that first-pass liver metabolism that can occur subsequent to oral and i.p., but not inhalation and s.c. exposures, may play an important role in the formation of liver tumors. Liver tumors have been observed in rats and mice exposed to quinoline via oral and i.p. routes of exposure, but not in rats exposed subcutaneously, despite the fact that the s.c. injections resulted in maximally tolerated doses more than 40 times higher than i.p. doses given to mice (LaVoie et al., 1988). …' (see US EPA 2001, Chapter 6.1, p. 22). There is some evidence to suggest that the 'first-pass effect' in the liver on the substance is a crucial metabolic event that may produce highly toxic intermediates. This pathway is only relevant after oral and i. p. administration but not after inhalation and subcutaneous (s. c.) injection. The carcinogenic potential, observed after oral application of quinoline, may be (substantially) reduced for inhalation exposure which is relevant for worker exposure.

References:

US EPA 2001: Toxicological Review of Quinoline (CAS No. 91-22-5), in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Report EPA/635/R-01/005, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Sep. 2001

Justification for selection of carcinogenicity via oral route endpoint:
Most valid results for the carcinogenicity of quinoline, but no T25 reported in the publication. A T25 value of 7.5 mg/kg bw/day is derived from the data and the dose-response relationship of the Hirao study (see study record). As the T25 value reported in the EU quinoline registration dossier is lower, this value (6 mg/kg bw/day) is adopted for risk assessment for precautionary reasons and for reasons of conformity.

Justification for selection of carcinogenicity via inhalation route endpoint:
Most relevant study for carcinogenic effects of naphthalene in rodents by inhalation.

Carcinogenicity: via oral route (target organ): digestive: liver

Carcinogenicity: via inhalation route (target organ): respiratory: nose