Brominated chlorinated copper, [29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32]-, wherein the number of bromines is equal to or more than 10 and less than 16, and the number of chlorines is equal to or more than 0 and less than 7

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

 

Copperphthalocyanine-based pigments are not absorbed after ingestion and after skin contact. Upon inhalation, inhalable forms of the pigment are considered to behave like in inert particles.
Studies related to nanomaterial properties (eg dynamic dissolution, cytotoxicity to alveolar macrophages) are currently ongoing. The dispersion stability of Pigment Green 36 in environmental media (OECD 318)  was strongly depended on water hardness. Dissolution was excluded as the main cause of the apparent stability. The stability in 0 mM Ca was intermediate. The stability in 1 and 10 mM Ca2+ was low. 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Bioaccumulation potential:

no bioaccumulation potential

Additional information

A general assessment of the copperphthalocyanine-based pigments is performed. A data matrix with physico-chemical properties, identifiers and toxicological data is shown below. The chemical structures are provided in the attachment of the chemical safety report.

 

In summary, copperphthalocyanine-based pigments are not absorbed after ingestion and after skin contact. Upon inhalation, inhalable forms of the pigment are considered to behave like in inert particles.

The basic copper phthalocyanine has a very low solubility in water (0.009 mg/L) and in octanol (0.0004 mg/L). Chlorination or bromination introduces non-polar atoms so that the solubility is not altered in a manner that is favourable to systemic uptake.

The pigments do not contain functional groups that are susceptible to pH dependent hydrolysis at environmentally relevant pH or stomach acid. Their relative density is between 1.4 and 3.1 and none of them melt at temperatures below 400°C.

 

Experimental data regarding toxicokinetic properties is available for two substances. It involves examination of the tissue copper content at the end of subchronic feeding studies with the basic copperpththalocyanine (CAS 147-14-8) and its polychlorinated UVCB-version (CAS 1328-53-6). Copper is known to accumulate in the liver, but subchronic exposure did not show a significant increase in the liver copper concentration. Both studies were performed as part of the US National Toxicology program. The evaluators of the studies judged the very slight increase in copper concentrations as caused by soluble copper by-products and as being no indication of systemic availability of the copper phthalocyanine core. This is supported by the lack of any adverse effects observed in long-term or short-term studies (see data matrix).

Even intraperitonale injection (single dosing) did not result in adverse effects.

The most thorougly investigated substances are those with lowest molecular weight (unsubstituted copper phthalycanine, Pigment Blue 15) and the polychloro copper pththalocanine (Pigment Green 7), but subacute oral data is also available for chlorinated derivates. Therefore, the avaialble data set is considered adequate for the whole category.

It is also consistent with the general knowledge on the hazard profile of organic or organo-metallic pigments that has been accumulated during the last years of REACH.

 

 

The molecular weight of each category member is well above the threshold of 500 g/mol which is given in the EU guidance document on dermal absorption (Sanco/222/2000 rev. 7, March 19, 2004). This threshold allows the assumption of 10% dermal permeation if the n-octanol/water partition coefficient is either very low (-1) or high (> 4). The threshold for log Pow is not reached for every member, but this is due to the overall very poor solubility of the pigments.

None of the available data indicates that the pigments cause skin irritation which would damage the dermal barrier. As discussed in the toxicokinetic section, absence of systemic uptake after ingestion postulated.

A valid study for acute dermal toxicity in rabbits is available for the basic copper phthalocyaninen which has a molecular weight of 576 and a log Pow of -1 (based on measured solubilities in octanol and water) . No indication of adverse effects was observed.

Based on the lack of uptake after ingestion and the physico-chemical properties, lack of dermal penetration is postulated.

 

Regarding the inhalation route, the pigments are considered to have the properties of an inert dust.

 

Details on the studies on absorption after ingestion is provided below. Further testing is currently ongoing.

 

CAS	574-93-6	147-14-8	12239-87-1	16040-69-0	27614-71-7	68987-63-3	1328-53-6	14832-14-5	68512-13 -0 (TARGET, LS 701-428-7)	14302-13-7
	29H,31H-phthalocyanine   No Copper	[29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-kappa~2~N~29~,N~31~]copper	Copper, [C-chloro-29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)- .kappa.N29,.kappa.N30,.kappa.N31,.kappa.N32]-	[2,9,16,23-tetrachloro-29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32]copper	[29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-).kappa.N29,.kappa.N30,.kappa.N31,.kappa.N32]copper,tetrachlorinated	Copper, [29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32,chlorinated	29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-kappa~2~N~29~,N~31~]copper,chlorinated	Hexadecachlorinated CuPC	Brominated chlorinated copper, [29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32]-, wherein the number of bromines is equal to or more than 10 and less than 16, and the number of chlorines is equal to or more than 0 and less than 7 brominatedchlorinated	[1,3,8,16,18,24-hexabromo-2,4,9,10,11,15,17,22,23,25-decachloro-29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-kappa~2~N~29~,N~31~]copper
Type and number of substituents (16 = completely substituted)	none	none	Cl =1	Cl = 4	Cl = 4	Cl = undefined	Cl = 14 - 16	Cl = 16	Cl+Br = 16	Br = 6 Cl = 10
Test material purity		95-99%			>85%%	99%	94-100%	99%		>99%
Colour Index name	Pigment Blue 16	Pigment Blue 15	-	-	-	-	Pigment Green 7	-	-	Pigment Green 36
Molecular weight (g/mol)	515	576	611	714	576 —1120	610 —1120	1057 - 1127	1127	689 - 1394	1394
Octanol solubility		0.4mg/L					0.4mg/L
Water solubility	<0.001 μg/L (calculated)	9mg/L			< 10 μg/l		1-3 µg/L
Relative density	1.442	1.62			1.726		2.1			3.01
Acute oral toxicity (LD50, mg/kg bw)	LD50> 5000  in rat K2   No mortality	LD50> 5000  in rat K2   No mortality			LD50> 2000 in rat K1   No mortality		LD50> 5000 in rat K2   No mortality		LD50> 5000 in rat K2   LD50> 10000 in rat K2   No mortality	LD50 > 16000 in mice K2   No mortality, purity not specified, but not relevant as excessive dose tested.
Acute dermal toxicity (LD50, mg/kg bw)		LD50> 2000 K1   No mortality
Acute intraperitoneal toxicity (LD50, mg/kg bw mouse)	LD50>2000 K2   No mortality	LD50> 3000 K4   No mortality					LD50> 2000 K2   No mortality
Skin and eye irritation in rabbit	Not irritating K2	Not irritating K2			Not skin irritating K1		Not irritating K2		Not irritating K2
Skin sensitization		Not sensitizing (LLNA, GPMT) K1			Not sensitizing (LLNA) K1		Not sensitizing (LLNA) K1
Reproductive toxicity		NOEL = 1000 mg/kg (OECD 421) K1   Waiver for 2-Gen and Dev Tox
Subacute oral toxicity (OECD 407)		NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg K1				NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw K1	NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw K1	NOEL = 1000 mg/kg K1
5-day short-term inhalation study with 3-week-recovery		NOAEC = 30 mg/m^3 K1
14-day inhalation study							[NOEC = 9.7 mg/m3] K3, unspecified test substance  Imron paint & Desmodur N-100 (mixture of various compounds, including CAS No 1328-53-6 in unspec. quantity)
Bacterial mutagenicity	Non mutagenic  K1	Non mutagenic (4 strains) K2			Non mutagenic  K1	Non mutagenic K1	Non mutagenic K1	Non mutagenic K1	Not mutagenic K1 (three samples with different Br-substitution grades tested)	Non mutagenic  K1
Clastogenicity in vitro		Non clastogenic (OECD 473) K1				Non clastogenic (OECD 473) K1	Non clastogenic (OECD 473) K1   Non clastogenic (MN in vitro) K1	Non clastogenic (OECD 473) K1
Mutagenicity in mammalian cells in vitro	Study ongoing	Non mutagenic UDS in vitro K1   Non mutagenic MLA, K4   Weakly mutagenic in HPRT with crude material)					Non mutagenic UDS in vitro K4   HPRT (OECD 476) ongoing
Clastogenicity in vivo (MN)		Non genotoxic K2 (crude material)
Mouse Spot test		Non genotoxic K2 (crude material)
Subchronic toxicity in rats (feed)		NOAEL: ca. 4500 mg/kg = 5% in the diet K2					NOAEL: ca. 4500 mg/kg = 5% in the diet K2
Subchronic toxicity in mice (feed)		NOAEL: ca. 16000 mg/kg = 5% in the diet K2					NOAEL: ca. 16000 mg/kg = 5% in the diet K2
Toxicokinetic information		No statistically significant increases in copper incorporation was reported in the liver and kidney of male animals after 90 day feeding with 5% in the diet*					No statistically significant increases in copper incorporation was reported in the liver and kidney of male animals after 90 day feeding with 5% in the diet**

 

*CAS No. 147-14-8

There are valid experimental data available to assess relevant toxikokinetic (distribution) informations of copper phthalocyanine. Concentrations of copper phthalocyanine were analyzed in liver and kidney of male rats and mice after oral exposure in a subchronic 90-day feeding study. The concentrations were 0.3 %, 0.6 %, 1.25 %, 2.5 % and 5 % in the diet for rats (corresponding to approx. 0, 250, 500, 1100, 2200 and 4500 mg/kg bw for both sexes [based on 16.4 g/d average food consumption, 0.182 kg average bw for males and on 11.55 g/d average food consumption, 0.130 kg average bw] for females) and mice (approx. 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 mg/kg bw for males [based on 7.3 g/d average food consumption, 0.023 kg average bw] and approx. 0, 1100, 2200, 4700, 9400 and 18700 mg/kg bw for females [based on 7.1 g/d average food consumption, 0.019 kg average bw], respectively), administered on 90 consecutive days. The liver and kidney tissues from the highest dose and from controls of male animals were dissolved in nitric acid and subsequently analyzed for copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No statistically significant increases of copper incorporation were reported in the liver (2.82 ppm +- 0.34 ppm vs. 2.78 ppm +- 0.51 ppm) and kidney (5.62 ppm +- 0.49 ppm vs. 5.30 ppm +- 0.83 ppm) tissues of treated male rats of the highest dose group, compared to control animals. Therefore, the authors strongly suggested that the test material was not absorbed under the test conditions chosen. Slight, but statistically significant increases of copper incorporation were reported in the liver (3.98 ppm +- 1.16 ppm vs. 3.0 ppm +- 0.34 ppm) and kidney (7.47 ppm +- 2.86 ppm vs. 4.66 ppm +- 0.6 ppm) tissues of treated male mice, compared to control animals (Batelle 76-34-106002).

 

**CAS No. 1328-53-6

There are valid experimental data available to assess relevant toxikokinetic (distribution) informations of polychloro copper phthalocyanine. Concentrations of polychloro copper phthalocyanine were analyzed in liver and kidney of male rats and mice after oral exposure in a subchronic 90-day feeding study. The concentrations were 0.3 %, 0.6 %, 1.25 %, 2.5 % and 5 % in the diet for rats (corresponding to approx. 0, 250, 500, 1100, 2200 and 4500 mg/kg bw for both sexes [based on 16.4 g/d average food consumption, 0.182 kg average bw for males and on 11.55 g/d average food consumption, 0.130 kg average bw] for females) and mice (approx. 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 mg/kg bw for males [based on 7.3 g/d average food consumption, 0.023 kg average bw] and approx. 0, 1100, 2200, 4700, 9400 and 18700 mg/kg bw for females [based on 7.1 g/d average food consumption, 0.019 kg average bw], respectively), administered on 90 consecutive days. The liver and kidney tissues from the highest dose and from controls were dissolved in nitric acid and subsequently analyzed for copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Polychloro copper phthalocyanine produced slight, but statistically significant increases in the copper levels in rat liver (4.28 +- 1.1 vs. 3.08 +- 0.39 ppm) and kidney (8.23 +- 1.75 vs. 4.68 +- 0.82 ppm) as well as in mouse kidney (6.57 +- 1.9 vs. 4.04 +- 0.8 ppm). Copper levels in mouse liver were not altered.

 

Within the framework of an expert judgement, the evaluating author strongly suggested that the test material was not appreciably absorbed under the test conditions chosen with the following justification: The reported minor changes in tissue levels indicate a small exposure of the organs to copper. Changes were always less than two fold. Absorption of the substance by the gastrointestinal tract is considered to be unlikely since polychloro copper phthalocyanine is of high molecular weight, insoluble in aqueous media and chemically inert. This suggests that free copper, present as a minor impurity in the pigment, is responsible for the slight increases in tissue copper levels that were noted (Assessment from Dr. Mennear JH, Expert Toxicologist to Dr. Moore JA, Deputy Director NTP).