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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
13.5 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
6
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
80.8 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Route-to-route extrapolation was applied in accordance with ECHA’s Guidance R.8. In the route to route extrapolation for the inhalation route a correction for respiratory volume is applied. The oral rat study NOAEL is modified into a NOAEC for human inhalation using ECHA guidance: The respiratory volume of rats (0.38 m3/kg bw) is multiplied by the respiratory volume of human (6.7 m3/person) and corrected for the respiratory volume for light activity to address the workers (10 m3/person). In addition, the inhalation absorption is set to twice as high as oral absorption. Therefore, the modified dose descriptor is calculated as follows: 91.7 mg/kg bw NOAEL / 2 (oral versus inhalation) / 0.38 x (6.7/10) = 80.8 mg/m3.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
No additional assessment factor for dose response is needed because the dosing was well spaced in the study and a NOAEL was derived in the study performed according to OECD 443 (ECHA’s guidance, R.8.4.3.1, November 2012).
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
An assessment factor of 2 has been applied to extrapolate the NOAEL from sub-chronic to a chronic study as presented in R.8.4.3.1 and table R.8-5 (ECHA’s guidance, November 2012).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 has been used because the difference in metabolic rate between rat and humans has been accounted for in the conversion of NOAEL in mg/kg bw to the NOAEC mg/m3, as presented in ECHA’s guidance R.8, figure R. 8-2 (November 2012).
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
Additional assessment factors for interspecies differences are not needed as has been derived in the ECETOC report (TR 110, 2010) based on a review of the scientific literature. The concept of adjusting animal dose by allometric scaling predicts reasonably well the appropriate dose in humans. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. This analysis is based on a comparison of animal to actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans (see below at intraspecies differences).
AF for intraspecies differences:
3
Justification:
An assessment factor of 3 has been used to account for the intraspecies differences. This factor has been retrieved by ECETOC (TR110, 2010). The ECETOC analysis has been based on a comparison between animal and actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans. In addition, the human population under investigation comprised cancer patients; this represents a very sensitive subpopulation. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. Thus, this standard deviation represented by the GSD of 2.5-2.6 is probably due to potential differences in biological sensitivity between species and includes intraspecies differences.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
In accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment – Chapter 8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, the evaluation of the total toxicological database should include an assessment whether the available information as a whole meets the tonnage driven data requirements necessary to fulfil the REACH requirements, or whether there are data gaps (completeness of the database). Furthermore, the hazard data should be assessed for the reliability and consistency across different studies and endpoints and taking into account the quality of the testing method, size and power of the study design, biological plausibility, dose-response relationships and statistical association (adequacy of the database). When taking into account the standard information requirements and the completeness and consistency of the database the default assessment factor of 1, to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, is recommended.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 is applicable, because there are no remaining uncertainties, which have not already been accounted for.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
36.7 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
24
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
881.7 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Route-to-route extrapolation was applied in accordance with ECHA’s Guidance R.8. Based on an in vitro human dermal absorption study, dermal absorption was determined to be 5.2%. For oral absorption, a conservative value of 50% is assumed based on a relatively low molecular weight, and a log Kow value of between 2 and 7. Overall, dermal absorption is considered to be 10.4% of the oral absorption level.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
No additional assessment factor for dose response is needed because the dosing was well spaced in the study and a NOAEL was derived in the study performed according to OECD 443 (ECHA’s guidance, R.8.4.3.1, November 2012).
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
An assessment factor of 6 has been applied to extrapolate the NOAEL from sub-chronic to a chronic study as presented in R.8.4.3.1 and table R.8-5 (ECHA’s guidance, November 2012).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
For allometric scaling a factor of 4 is applicable to convers rat to human data, as determined by ECHA (Table R.8-3, 2012)
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
Additional assessment factors for interspecies differences are not needed as has been derived in the ECETOC report (TR 110, 2010) based on a review of the scientific literature. The concept of adjusting animal dose by allometric scaling predicts reasonably well the appropriate dose in humans. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. This analysis is based on a comparison of animal to actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans (see below at intraspecies differences).
AF for intraspecies differences:
3
Justification:
An assessment factor of 3 has been used to account for the intraspecies differences. This factor has been retrieved by ECETOC (TR110, 2010). The ECETOC analysis has been based on a comparison between animal and actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans. In addition, the human population under investigation comprised cancer patients; this represents a very sensitive subpopulation. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. Thus, this standard deviation represented by the GSD of 2.5-2.6 is probably due to potential differences in biological sensitivity between species and includes intraspecies differences.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
In accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment – Chapter 8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, the evaluation of the total toxicological database should include an assessment whether the available information as a whole meets the tonnage driven data requirements necessary to fulfil the REACH requirements, or whether there are data gaps (completeness of the database). Furthermore, the hazard data should be assessed for the reliability and consistency across different studies and endpoints and taking into account the quality of the testing method, size and power of the study design, biological plausibility, dose-response relationships and statistical association (adequacy of the database). When taking into account the standard information requirements and the completeness and consistency of the database the default assessment factor of 1, to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, is recommended.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 is applicable, because there are no remaining uncertainties, which have not already been accounted for.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

In deriving the DNELs for hazard identification for inhalation and the dermal route of exposure mostly ECHA’s guidance is used, which is generally conservative by using default values in absence of data outside the requirements of REACH regulation Annex VII to Annex XI. In addition, the used assessment factors used have been adequately documented. For inter and intraspecies assessment factors have been used which were conducted to be scientifically sound by ECETOC (TR 110, 2010) and which are based on a thorough review of the scientific literature. Therefore, the DNELs for all human health endpoints relevant for workers are considered sufficiently conservative to be used in risk characterization.

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
4 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
10
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
39.9 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Route-to-route extrapolation was applied in accordance with ECHA’s Guidance R.8. In the route to route extrapolation for the inhalation route a correction for respiratory volume is applied. The oral rat study NOAEL is modified into a NOAEC for human inhalation for the General population using ECHA guidance: The respiratory volume of rats (1.15 m3/kg bw) is multiplied by the respiratory volume of human (20 m3/person). In addition, the inhalation absorption is set to twice as high as oral absorption. Therefore, the modified dose descriptor is calculated as follows: 91.7 mg/kg bw / 2 / 1.15 = 39.9 mg/m3.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
No additional assessment factor for dose response is needed because the dosing was well spaced in the study and a NOAEL in the OECD TG 443 study was derived (ECHA’s guidance, R.8.4.3.1, November 2012).
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
An assessment factor of 2 has been applied to extrapolate the NOAEL from sub-chronic to a chronic study as presented in R.8.4.3.1 and table R.8-5 (ECHA’s guidance, November 2012).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 has been used because the difference in metabolic rate between rat and humans has been accounted for in the conversion of NOAEL in mg/kg bw to the NOAEC in mg/m3, as presented in ECHA’s guidance R.8, figure R. 8-2 (November, 2012).
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 has been applied because besides allometric differences no other interspecies differences need to be accounted for which has been shown by ECETOC TR 110 (2010) after a review of the scientific literature. ECETOC concludes that adjusting animal dose by allometric scaling predicts reasonably well the appropriate dose in humans. The application the ‘remaining’ AF of 2.5 for interspecies variability would mean an unjustified compilation of AF. The ‘residual’ interspecies variability may remain following allometric scaling, but this is largely accounted for in the default AF proposed for intraspecies variability, i.e. reflecting the interdependency of inter- and intraspecies AF.
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
An assessment factor of 5 has been used to account for the intraspecies differences as has been derived by ECETOC (TR110, 2010) based on a review of the scientific literature. The ECETOC analysis has been based on a comparison between animal and actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans. In addition, the human population under investigation comprised cancer patients, this represents a very sensitive subpopulation. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. Thus, this standard deviation represented by the GSD of 2.5-2.6 is probably due to potential differences in biological sensitivity between species but includes intraspecies differences.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
In accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment – Chapter 8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, the evaluation of the total toxicological database should include an assessment whether the available information as a whole meets the tonnage driven data requirements necessary to fulfil the REACH requirements, or whether there are data gaps (completeness of the database). Furthermore, the hazard data should be assessed for the reliability and consistency across different studies and endpoints and taking into account the quality of the testing method, size and power of the study design, biological plausibility, dose-response relationships and statistical association (adequacy of the database). When taking into account the standard information requirements and the completeness and consistency of the database the default assessment factor of 1, to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, is recommended.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No remaining uncertainties were identified.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
22 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
40
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
881.7
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Route-to-route extrapolation was applied in accordance with ECHA’s Guidance R.8. Based on a human dermal absorption study, dermal absorption was determined to be 5.2%. For oral absorption, a conservative value of 50% is assumed based on a relatively low molecular weight, and a log Kow value of between 2 and 7. Overall, dermal absorption is considered to be 10.4% of the oral absorption level. Therefore the modified dose descriptor is 881.7 (91.7 mg/kg bw*0.104 fraction absorption).

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
No additional assessment factor for dose response is needed because the dosing was well spaced in the study and a NOAEL in the OECD TG 443 study was derived (ECHA’s guidance, R.8.4.3.1, November 2012).
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
An assessment factor of 6 has been applied to extrapolate the NOAEL from sub-chronic to a chronic study as presented in R.8.4.3.1 and table R.8-5 (ECHA’s guidance, November 2012)
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
For allometric scaling a factor of 4 is applicable to convers rat to human data, as determined by ECHA (Table R.8-3, 2012)
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
Additional assessment factors for interspecies differences are not needed as has been derived in the ECETOC report (TR 110, 2010) based on a review of the scientific literature. The concept of adjusting animal dose by allometric scaling predicts reasonably well the appropriate dose in humans. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. This analysis is based on a comparison of animal to actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans (see below at intraspecies differences).
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
This factor has been retrieved by ECETOC (TR 110, 2010) based on scientific literature. The ECETOC analysis has been based on a comparison between animal and actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans. In addition, the human population under investigation comprised cancer patients, which represents a very sensitive subpopulation. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. Thus, this standard deviation represented by the GSD of 2.5-2.6 is probably due to potential differences in biological sensitivity between species but includes intraspecies differences.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
In accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment – Chapter 8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, the evaluation of the total toxicological database should include an assessment whether the available information as a whole meets the tonnage driven data requirements necessary to fulfil the REACH requirements, or whether there are data gaps (completeness of the database). Furthermore, the hazard data should be assessed for the reliability and consistency across different studies and endpoints and taking into account the quality of the testing method, size and power of the study design, biological plausibility, dose-response relationships and statistical association (adequacy of the database). When taking into account the standard information requirements and the completeness and consistency of the database the default assessment factor of 1, to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, is recommended.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 is applicable, because there are no remaining uncertainties, which have not already been accounted for.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
2.3 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
40
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
91.7 mg/kg bw/day
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
No additional assessment factor for dose response is needed because the dosing was well spaced in the study and a NOAEL was derived in the study performed according to OECD 443 (ECHA’s guidance, R.8.4.3.1, November 2012).
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
An assessment factor of 6 has been applied to extrapolate the NOAEL from sub-chronic to a chronic study as presented in R.8.4.3.1 and table R.8-5 (ECHA’s guidance, November 2012).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
For allometric scaling a factor of 4 is applicable to convers rat to human data, as determined by ECHA (Table R.8-3, 2012).
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
Additional assessment factors for interspecies differences are not needed as has been derived in the ECETOC report (TR 110, 2010) based on a review of the scientific literature. The concept of adjusting animal dose by allometric scaling predicts reasonably well the appropriate dose in humans. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. This analysis is based on a comparison of animal to actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans (see below at intraspecies differences).
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
This factor has been retrieved by ECETOC (TR 110, 2010) based on scientific literature. This information is derived for systemic endpoints. In view of sensitisation being related to systemic exposure the reasoning can be considered similar. The ECETOC analysis has been based on a comparison between animal and actual human data that per se includes intraspecies variability in humans. In addition, the human population under investigation comprised cancer patients, which represents a very sensitive subpopulation. A Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of 2.5-2.6 suggests the likelihood of some variability or additional uncertainty around the predicted NOAEL in humans. Thus, this standard deviation represented by the GSD of 2.5-2.6 is probably due to potential differences in biological sensitivity between species but includes intraspecies differences.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
In accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment – Chapter 8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, the evaluation of the total toxicological database should include an assessment whether the available information as a whole meets the tonnage driven data requirements necessary to fulfil the REACH requirements, or whether there are data gaps (completeness of the database). Furthermore, the hazard data should be assessed for the reliability and consistency across different studies and endpoints and taking into account the quality of the testing method, size and power of the study design, biological plausibility, dose-response relationships and statistical association (adequacy of the database). When taking into account the standard information requirements and the completeness and consistency of the database the default assessment factor of 1, to be applied for good/standard quality of the database, is recommended).
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
An assessment factor of 1 is applicable, because there are no remaining uncertainties, which have not already been accounted for.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population

In deriving the DNELs for hazard identification for inhalation, oral and the dermal route of exposure mostly ECHA’s guidance is used, which is generally conservative by using default values in absence of data outside the requirements of REACH regulation Annex VII to Annex XI. In addition, the used assessment factors used have been adequately documented. For inter and intraspecies assessment factors have been used which were conducted to be scientifically sound by ECETOC (TR 110, 2010) and which are based on a thorough review of the scientific literature. Therefore, the DNELs for all human health endpoints relevant for workers are considered sufficiently conservative to be used in risk characterization.