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Environmental fate & pathways

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

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Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
18 Jul - 28 Oct 1994
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 305 E (Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
, only one concentration tested
GLP compliance:
yes
Radiolabelling:
yes
Details on sampling:
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms:
uptake phase: days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28
depuration phase: days1, 3, 7, 10 and 14.
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: every day (fivefold)
- Details on sampling and analysis of test organisms and test media samples (e.g. sample preparation, analytical methods):
fish: fish were dissected into non-edible parts (head, fins) and edible parts (remaining body). All fish samples were immediately analysed.
medium: approximately 1000 ml samples taken from inflowing water and from the middle of the aquarium were extracted by solid phase extraction, using a C-18 reversed phase and elution with methanol.
Vehicle:
yes
Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method:
Preparation of the test solution:
14C-labelled test substance of the specification given in chapter 2.3 was used. By adding acetone, solution I was brought to a concentration of 102.9µg/mL, solution II to 104.0 µg/mL and solution III to 99.3 µg/mL (measurement by liquid scintillation counting of five to six aliquots).
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone

Application of the test substance:
The test water was aerated in a temperated storage tank to oxygen saturation. From this tank 400 mL water per minute flowed through stainless steel tubes into the test tanks. An automatic dosage pump added intermittently exact amounts of test solution per minute into the stainless steel tube of the treated tank. The mean concentration of the test substance in the inflowing water was 0.0106 mg/L
The flow rate of 400 mL/min corresponded to about 11 changes of the water volume of each tank per day.
Test organisms (species):
Lepomis macrochirus
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Bluegill sunfish
- Source: Osage Catfisheries, Osage Beach, St. Louis, Mo 65065, USA, on 16 FEB 1994 and then maintained in the fish maintenance room of the Ecobiology of AgrEvo
- Age at study initiation: approximately 11 months
- Length at study initiation: 4.8 cm
- Weight at study initiation: 3.83 g
- Health status: There were no indications of diseases during the holding period. 0.06 % mortality occurred in the stock culture over a 50-day period before initiating the test.
- Description of housing/holding area: The fish were maintained in accordance with the procedure described by Brauhn et al. in fiberglass tanks. The water was constantly aerated. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were regularly measured. Temperature was regulated between 19.6 and 22.5 °C The water flow rate was between 120 and 320 L/h, the pH between 7.6 and 8.0 and the dissolved oxygen between 7.4 and 10.4mg/L. Water analyses (total hardness, alkalinity, chlorine and nitrite content) were conducted on a regular basis.

- Feeding during test
- Food type: Commercially available pelleted dry fish food (Kronen-Fish)
- Amount: ad libitum
- Frequency: daily


Route of exposure:
aqueous
Test type:
flow-through
Water / sediment media type:
natural water: freshwater
Total exposure / uptake duration:
28 d
Total depuration duration:
14 d
Hardness:
307.05 - 321.65 total hardness [mg/L]
Test temperature:
22.1 - 22.7 °C
pH:
8.0 - 8.1
Dissolved oxygen:
8.0 ± 0.5 mg/L
TOC:
0.6 - 5.22 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Three chemically inert stainless steel tanks measuring 50 * 30 * 40cm (approximate inside
dimensions of length, width, and height) and a water content of about 52.5 L were used.
- Type of flow-through: An automatic dosage pump added intermittently exact amounts of test solution per minute into the stainless steel tube of the treated tank.
- Renewal rate of test solution: flow rate of 400 mL /min was used, corresponding to about 11 changes of the water volume per day
- No. of organisms per vessel: 70
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control: 1
- Biomass loading rate: ca. 4.3 g/L


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: according to guideline
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Water samples were taken regularly during the whole study period.



OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no- Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms:
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples:
- Photoperiod: 16:8 h day/night
- Light intensity: wide spectrum fluorescent lights


Nominal and measured concentrations:
A flow-through diluter system was used to maintain a constant concentration in water of 10.60 ± 0.58 µg/L during 28 days. Additionally a cotrol was tested.
Type:
BCF
Value:
196 L/kg
Basis:
other: edible tissue
Calculation basis:
steady state
Remarks on result:
other: Conc.in environment / dose:0.01 mg/L
Type:
BCF
Value:
232 L/kg
Basis:
whole body w.w.
Calculation basis:
steady state
Remarks on result:
other: Conc.in environment / dose:0.01 mg/L
Type:
BCF
Value:
257 L/kg
Basis:
other: non-edible tissue
Calculation basis:
steady state
Remarks on result:
other: Conc.in environment / dose:0.01 mg/L
Elimination:
yes
Parameter:
other: DT95
Depuration time (DT):
3 d

Test item concentration: Analysis of the water samples in the uptake period showed that the test compound was hydrolysed in the test water only to a negligible extent as only <= 3.3 % AE F113225 was found in the test water.

Biological findings: Continuous exposure to AE F107892 at to the test water at this concentration did not cause any observable effects such as mortality or changed behaviour in the test group.

Tissue analyses: Uptake of AE F107892 into fish was very rapid and reached the equilibrium after 3 days. Based on the mean residue concentrations in the whole fish, in edible and non-edible tissue the mean BCF values for AE F107892 were 232 + 69 (whole fish), 257 + 108 (non-edible tissue) and 196 + 99 (edible tissue). Depuration occurred rapidly and evidenced by a depurination DT95 of < 3 days.

Conclusion: No significant bioaccumulation potential of AE F107892 or any metabolites was observed in the bluegill sunfish. Low steady-state concentrations, as evidenced by BCF values ranging from 196 - 256, were already achieved after 3 day of exposure. Depuration was very fast as evidenced by a depurination DT95 of > 3 days.

Description of key information

Results of BCF study reveal that the accumulation potential of the parent substance is low in aquatic organisms. As shown by a rapid depuration from fish, the potential for biomagnification through the food chain is also low.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

BCF (aquatic species):
232 L/kg ww

Additional information

The bioaccumulation potential of the substance was tested in a flow-through bioaccumulation and metabolism study according to OECD 305 (1995). The test was conducted with Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) as test organisms. The test period of 42 d was devided in a 28 d uptake phase and a 14 day depuration phase. The fish were exposed to a substance concentration of 10.60 ± 0.58 µg/L in a flow-through system. A daily dose verication was performed by 14C analysis (radio-HPLC). The test resulted in no significant bioaccumulation potential of the substance or its rapidly formed hydrolysis products in fish. Low steady-state concentrations, as evidenced by overall BCF values ranging from 196 – 257 L/kg, were already achieved after 3 days of exposure.

In conclusion, residues of the substance in water are rapidly taken up by fish reaching the plateau concentration after 3 day. This corresponds to a mean (whole fish) BCF of 232 L/kg . The depuration and thus clearance from residues in clean water is fast (> 95% in 3 days) and complete.

The test substance was dosed into non-sterile natural water, allowing chemical and biotic cleavage of ester bonds to occur and to form readily water soluble compounds (i.e. mono carboxylic acids). The formation of water soluble of mono-and dicarboxylic acids and their salts was also determined in the available study on biodegradation of the parent compount in waster and sediment. The observed DT50 for the parent substance in water/sediment systems was 2 - 3 days.

During the flow-through accumulation test there were 11 changes of the water volume per day with a concentration of mono carboxylic acids to range from < 0.1 to 3.3% at the inflow and in the middle of the tank. Fish was therefore mainly exposed to the lipophilic test substance during the test thus representing a worst case.

The observed accumulation regarding the partition between polar water phase and apolar adipose tissue – is most likely originating from uptake of the intact ester test substance as it is again indicated by the log Pow of 3.8 and a water solubility of 20 mg/L. In comparison the log Pow of the corresponding mono carboxylic acids being present as salts at physiological pH values of about 7 is by far lower and solubility in water significantly higher than that of the parent compound. Consequently bioconcentration factors at environmentally relavant conditions can be expected to be significantly lower than observed in the laboratory test.