1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

Adsorption / desorption

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

soil

Executive summary:

Paya-Perez (1991)

KOC = 10400

Reference 2

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Executive summary:

UBA (1984)
KOC = 4300 (calculated)

Reference 3

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the EU RAR.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EU Risk Assessment

GLP compliance:

not specified

EU Risk Assessment (2003):

 

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to "5.4.1, rel other, EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 1/2)".

Executive summary:

EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part2/2):

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to “5.4.1, other, EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 1/2)”.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the EU RAR.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EU Risk Assessment

GLP compliance:

not specified

EU Risk Assessment (2003):

 

Conclusion on mobility and adsorption

1,2,4-TCB has a high adsorption capacity and the mobility in soil is expected to be low. However, because the degradation is slow in soil, 1,2,4-TCB may leach through sandy soils low in organic carbon content and reach groundwater.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Mobility (Leaching studies)

Mobility was studied in a soil column study on a sandy soil in a 5 cm diameter and 140 cm high soil column. The soil contained 92% sand, 2.1% clay, 0.067% organic carbon and pH was 6.4. The soil column received 14 cm water per day over 45 days with the measured concentrations 3.4 and 0.57 mg/l 1,2,4-TCB. When 3.4 mg/l was applied, 46% was leached and 54% was degraded or not accounted for. When 0.57 mg/l was applied, 39% was found in eluate and 61% was degraded or not accounted for. The amount of volatiles was not determined (Wilson et al., 1981) although other studies indicated volatility to be essential. The study indicates that 1,2,4-TCB may leach into groundwater in sandy soils with low content of organic carbon. The potential for mobility is confirmed by recoveries in groundwater surveys.

 

Adsorption

The adsorption was studied according to OECD TG 106 in three soils; alfisol clay soil (0.76% organic carbon (OC)) using the concentration range 6-25µg/l, spodosol (sandy soil, 3.56% OC) in the concentration range 7 -127µg/l and entisol (clay soil 1.11% OC). The adsorption coefficient K values were 9.7, 82 and 10.7 and the estimated Koc values were 1,300, 2,300 and 970 for alfisol, spodosol and entisol, respectively (Broecker et al., 1984).

 

Three silty clay soils are used in an adsorption study of soils with low organic carbon content (1.2, 0.11 and 0.06% OC, respectively). The initial concentrations were 0.5 -1.0 mg/l. Koc values were estimated to be 885, 2,100 and 1,300, respectively for the three soils. (Southworth and Keller, 1986). The soils were all clay soils with a clay content of 60, 86 and 68%, respectively.

 

The Freundlich adsorption constant in a peaty soil (29% organic matter ) was 241.4 resulting in a Koc of 1,441 (Friesel et al., 1984). The difference between adsorption and desorption (Kdes 200.8) indicates a high degree of reversibility of sorption.

 

In the study by Chiou et al. (1983), the adsorption was studied in a silt loam with 1.9% and a log Kom of 2.70 is presented. Recalculating Kom to Koc would result in a Koc of 864.

 

In an American study on an alluvial soil with low carbon content,the adsorption distribution constant K varied between 1.2 and 11.6 (l/kg) and the Koc values were calculated to be in the range 800 to 2,490 with the mean ± SD to be 1,460 ± 440 (Banerjee et al., 1985)

 

Other reported Koc values were 2,042 (US EPA, 1980; Howard, 1989; Calamari et al., 1983) and 1,000 (Wilson et al., 1981). Higher values of Koc have been found in the literature and using the TGD estimation (log Koc = 0.81 log Kow + 0.1) would result in Koc = 2,401.

 

A QSAR estimation performed by first order molecular connectivity index resulted in an estimated Koc of 718 (PCKOC in EPIWIN, 1995; Meylan and Howard, 1994).

 

The average Koc value from the data mentioned in this report is 1,424 and a Koc of 1,400 is used in the risk assessment estimations.

Executive summary:

EU Risk Assessment,2003:

1,2,4-TCB has a high adsorption capacity and the mobility in soil is expected to be low. However, because the degradation is slow in soil, 1,2,4-TCB may leach through sandy soils low in organic carbon content and reach groundwater.

Mobility (Leaching studies)

Mobility was studied in a soil column study on a sandy soil in a 5 cm diameter and 140 cm high soil column. The soil contained 92% sand, 2.1% clay, 0.067% organic carbon and pH was 6.4. The soil column received 14 cm water per day over 45 days with the measured concentrations 3.4 and 0.57 mg/l 1,2,4-TCB. When 3.4 mg/l was applied, 46% was leached and 54% was degraded or not accounted for. When 0.57 mg/l was applied, 39% was found in eluate and 61% was degraded or not accounted for. The amount of volatiles was not determined (Wilson et al., 1981) although other studies indicated volatility to be essential. The study indicates that 1,2,4-TCB may leach into groundwater in sandy soils with low content of organic carbon. The potential for mobility is confirmed by recoveries in groundwater surveys.

Adsorption

The adsorption was studied according to OECD TG 106 in three soils; alfisol clay soil (0.76% organic carbon (OC)) using the concentration range 6-25µg/l, spodosol (sandy soil, 3.56% OC) in the concentration range 7 -127µg/l and entisol (clay soil 1.11% OC). The adsorption coefficient K values were 9.7, 82 and 10.7 and the estimated Koc values were 1,300, 2,300 and 970 for alfisol, spodosol and entisol, respectively (Broecker et al., 1984).

Three silty clay soils are used in an adsorption study of soils with low organic carbon content (1.2, 0.11 and 0.06% OC, respectively). The initial concentrations were 0.5 -1.0 mg/l. Koc values were estimated to be 885, 2,100 and 1,300, respectively for the three soils. (Southworth and Keller, 1986). The soils were all clay soils with a clay content of 60, 86 and 68%, respectively.

The Freundlich adsorption constant in a peaty soil (29% organic matter ) was 241.4 resulting in a Koc of 1,441 (Friesel et al., 1984). The difference between adsorption and desorption (Kdes 200.8) indicates a high degree of reversibility of sorption.

In the study by Chiou et al. (1983), the adsorption was studied in a silt loam with 1.9% and a log Kom of 2.70 is presented. Recalculating Kom to Koc would result in a Koc of 864.

In an American study on an alluvial soil with low carbon content,the adsorption distribution constant K varied between 1.2 and 11.6 (l/kg) and the Koc values were calculated to be in the range 800 to 2,490 with the mean ± SD to be 1,460 ± 440 (Banerjee et al., 1985)

Other reported Koc values were 2,042 (US EPA, 1980; Howard, 1989; Calamari et al., 1983) and 1,000 (Wilson et al., 1981). Higher values of Koc have been found in the literature and using the TGD estimation (log Koc = 0.81 log Kow + 0.1) would result in Koc = 2,401.

 

A QSAR estimation performed by first order molecular connectivity index resulted in an estimated Koc of 718 (PCKOC in EPIWIN, 1995; Meylan and Howard, 1994).

The average Koc value from the data mentioned in this report is 1,424 and a Koc of 1,400 is used in the risk assessment estimations.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: BUA report

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

BUA report (1987):

 

According to OECD TG 106 following values for adsorption / desorption were found (Brocker et al., 1984):

soil	K	Koc	Concentration range [µg/l]
Alfisol	9,7	1300	0,14 - 3,5
Spodosol	82	2300	0,04 ¿ 0,7
Entisol	10,7	970	0,13 ¿ 3,0
Desorption: Alfisol	KDes¿ 30
Desorption: Spodosol	KDes= 130
Desorption: Entisol	KDes= 30

 

 

In another laboratory following values were found (Korte and Freitag, 1984):

soil	A [%]	K¿	K¿OC	D1 [%]	D2 [%]
Alfisol	98,65	361	47479	0,34	0,44
Spodosol	99,50	763	21435	0,69	0,45

Executive summary:

BUA report, 1987:

According to OECD TG 106 following values for adsorption / desorption were found (Brocker et al., 1984):

soil	K	Koc	Concentration range [µg/L]
Alfisol	9.7	1300	0.14-3.5
Spodosol	82	2300	0.04-0.7
Entisol	10.7	9700	0.13-3.0
Desorption: Alfisol	Kdes=30
Desorption: Spodosol	Kdes=130
Desorption: Entisol	Kdes=30

In another laboratory following values were found (Korte and Freitag, 1984):

Soil	A [%]	K	Koc	D1 [%]	D2 [%]
Alfisol	998.65	361	47479	0.34	0.44
Spodosol	99.50	763	21435	0.69	0.45

Reference 6

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Remarks:

adsorption

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

other: sediment

Executive summary:

Schrap, 1989:

sediment:
KOC =   500
KOC =   890
KOC =  1300
KOC =  2100

Reference 7

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

other: sediment

Executive summary:

Mabey, 1982:

sediment:
KOC =  9200

Reference 8

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

other: sediment

Executive summary:

Knezovich, 1988:

sediment:
KOC =  1830 
KOC =  3030

Reference 9

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

abstract

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

other: soil

Executive summary:

Chin, 1988:

soil:                  
KOC =  9550

Reference 10

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Original reference is not available.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Media:

other: other

Executive summary:

Brusseau, 1990:

soil:
KOC =  780
muck:  
KOC =  530

Description of key information

For transported isolated intermediates according to REACh, Article 18, this endpoint is not a data requirement. However, data is available for this endpoint and is thus reported under the guidance of "all available data".

 

Brusseau, 1990:
soil:
KOC =  780
muck:  
KOC =  530

Chin, 1988:
soil:                  
KOC =  9550

Knezovich, 1988:
sediment:
KOC =  1830 
KOC =  3030

Mabey, 1982:
sediment:
KOC =  9200

Schrap, 1989:
sediment:
KOC =   500
KOC =   890
KOC =  1300
KOC =  2100

Paya-Perez, 1991:
KOC = 10400

UBA, 1984:
KOC = 4300 (calculated)

BUA report, 1987:
According to OECD TG 106 following values for adsorption / desorption were found (Brocker et al., 1984):

soil	K	Koc	Concentration range [µg/L]
Alfisol	9.7	1300	0.14-3.5
Spodosol	82	2300	0.04-0.7
Entisol	10.7	9700	0.13-3.0
Desorption: Alfisol	Kdes=30
Desorption: Spodosol	Kdes=130
Desorption: Entisol	Kdes=30

In another laboratory following values were found (Korte and Freitag, 1984):

Soil	A [%]	K	Koc	D1 [%]	D2 [%]
Alfisol	998.65	361	47479	0.34	0.44
Spodosol	99.50	763	21435	0.69	0.45

EU Risk Assessment, 2003:
1,2,4-TCB has a high adsorption capacity and the mobility in soil is expected to be low. However, because the degradation is slow in soil, 1,2,4-TCB may leach through sandy soils low in organic carbon content and reach groundwater.
Mobility (Leaching studies)
Mobility was studied in a soil column study on a sandy soil in a 5 cm diameter and 140 cm high soil column. The soil contained 92% sand, 2.1% clay, 0.067% organic carbon and pH was 6.4. The soil column received 14 cm water per day over 45 days with the measured concentrations 3.4 and 0.57 mg/l 1,2,4-TCB. When 3.4 mg/l was applied, 46% was leached and 54% was degraded or not accounted for. When 0.57 mg/l was applied, 39% was found in eluate and 61% was degraded or not accounted for. The amount of volatiles was not determined (Wilson et al., 1981) although other studies indicated volatility to be essential. The study indicates that 1,2,4-TCB may leach into groundwater in sandy soils with low content of organic carbon. The potential for mobility is confirmed by recoveries in groundwater surveys.
Adsorption
The adsorption was studied according to OECD TG 106 in three soils; alfisol clay soil (0.76% organic carbon (OC)) using the concentration range 6-25µg/l, spodosol (sandy soil, 3.56% OC) in the concentration range 7 -127µg/l and entisol (clay soil 1.11% OC). The adsorption coefficient K values were 9.7, 82 and 10.7 and the estimated Koc values were 1,300, 2,300 and 970 for alfisol, spodosol and entisol, respectively (Broecker et al., 1984).
Three silty clay soils are used in an adsorption study of soils with low organic carbon content (1.2, 0.11 and 0.06% OC, respectively). The initial concentrations were 0.5 -1.0 mg/l. Koc values were estimated to be 885, 2,100 and 1,300, respectively for the three soils. (Southworth and Keller, 1986). The soils were all clay soils with a clay content of 60, 86 and 68%, respectively.
The Freundlich adsorption constant in a peaty soil (29% organic matter ) was 241.4 resulting in a Koc of 1,441 (Friesel et al., 1984). The difference between adsorption and desorption (Kdes 200.8) indicates a high degree of reversibility of sorption.
In the study by Chiou et al. (1983), the adsorption was studied in a silt loam with 1.9% and a log Kom of 2.70 is presented. Recalculating Kom to Koc would result in a Koc of 864.
In an American study on an alluvial soil with low carbon content,the adsorption distribution constant K varied between 1.2 and 11.6 (l/kg) and the Koc values were calculated to be in the range 800 to 2,490 with the mean ± SD to be 1,460 ± 440 (Banerjee et al., 1985)
Other reported Koc values were 2,042 (US EPA, 1980; Howard, 1989; Calamari et al., 1983) and 1,000 (Wilson et al., 1981). Higher values of Koc have been found in the literature and using the TGD estimation (log Koc = 0.81 log Kow + 0.1) would result in Koc = 2,401.