[4-[α-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]benzylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium acetate

Mode of degradation in actual use

Administrative data

Endpoint:

mode of degradation in actual use

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Read across from a similar substance which has the same main component and with a different counter ion that doesn't influence the characteristics related to the specific end-point

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

Biodegradation of synthetic dyes - A review

Author:

Hazrat Ali

Year:

2010

Bibliographic source:

Water Air Soil Pollutant (2010) 213:251 - 273

Materials and methods

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Review of biodegradation of synthetic dyes

Type of study / information:

Review of biodegradation of synthetic dyes

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Automatically generated during migration to IUCLID 6, no data available

IUPAC Name:

Automatically generated during migration to IUCLID 6, no data available

Details on test material:

Review of biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Substance reported only as Malachite Green; salt form not specified

Results and discussion

Any other information on results incl. tables

Biodegradation of synthetic dye by fungi
	Dye conc.	Decolorizzation %	Incubation period	Reference
Acremonium kiliense	5 mg/L	95.4	72 h	Youssef et al. (2008)
Aspergillus flavus	50 μM	97.43	6 days	Ali et al. (2009)
Alternaria solani	50 μM	96.91	6 days	Ali et al. (2009)
Fusarium solani	2.5 mg/L	96	2 days Irpex	Abedin (2009)
Biodegradation of synthetic dye by bacteria
Aeromonas hydrophila	50 mg/L	>90	10 h	Ren et al. (2006)
Citrobacter sp.	5 μM	100	1 h	An et al. (2002)
Kocuria rosea	50 mg/L	100	5 h	Parshetti et al. (2006)
Biodegradation of synthetic dyes by yeasts
Galactomyces geotrichum	50 mg/L	97	9 h	Jadhav et al. (2008)
Trichosporon beigelii	50 mg/L	90	24 h	Saratale et al. (2009b)
Effect of initial dye concentration on microbial decolorization of synthetic dye
Acremonium kiliense	5 mg/L 10 mg/L	95.4 35.48	72hNM	Youssef et al. (2008)
Kocuria rosea	10 mg/L 30 mg/L 50 mg/L 70 mg/L 100 mg/L	100 100 100 13 6	2 h 3 h 5 h NM NM	Parshetti et al. (2006)

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Several studies were made on decolorization and transformation of Malachite Green (MG). Mode of degradation in actual use include the utilization of various organisms: fungi, bacteria and yeast confirming that many organisms can be used to decolorate and transform Malachite Green; nevertheless studies reported on this review are focused only on transformation of the dye and not on the total degradation.

Executive summary:

Review of biodegradation of synthetic dyes.

Several studies were made on decolorization and transformation of Malachite Green (MG). Mode of degradation in actual use include the utilization of various organisms: fungi, bacteria and yeast confirming that many organisms can be used to decolorate and transform Malachite Green; nevertheless studies reported on this review are focused only on transformation of the dye and not on the total degradation.