1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with tert-dodecanethiol and hydrogen peroxide

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

Administrative data

Endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity: oral

Remarks:

combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

between 16 May 2012 and 20 December 2012

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

GLP guideline study without deviations. This result is read-across from ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’. Read-across is justified as the two substances ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’ and ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ are virtually the same: the only difference between those two UVCB substances is that one of the used raw materials (alkanethiol) has a diversity in the C-range, i.e. on the one hand a tert. C12-alkanethiol is used in the manufacturing process, on the other hand a tert. C9. Hence, based on the (structural) similarity of both substances it is safe to say that the physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties are likely to be similar.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2013

Report date:

2013

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD Guideline 421 (Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

The Department of Health of the Government of the United Kingdom

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol

EC Number:

293-927-7

EC Name:

1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol

Cas Number:

91648-65-6

Molecular formula:

not applicable (UVCB substance)

IUPAC Name:

1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol

Test material form:

other: liquid

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol
- Physical state: Liquid
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 2013-09-05
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature in the dark
- Other:
Description: Amber coloured liquid
Label: Performance Additive (1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol)
For the purpose of this study the test item was prepared at the appropriate concentrations as a solution in Arachis oil BP. The stability and homogeneity of the test item formulations were determined by Harlan Laboratories Ltd., Shardlow, UK, Analytical Services. Results show the formulations to be stable for at least five weeks. Formulations were therefore prepared fortnightly and stored at approximately 4 ºC in the dark.

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Laboratories U.K. Ltd., Blackthorn, Bicester, Oxon, UK.
- Age at study initiation: 12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males weighed 316 to 357g, the females weighed 193 to 223g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: Initially, all animals were housed in groups of five in solid floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel mesh lids and softwood flake bedding (Datesand Ltd., Cheshire, UK). During the pairing phase, the animals were transferred to polypropylene grid floor cages suspended over trays lined with absorbent paper on a one male: one female basis. Following evidence of successful mating, the males were returned to their original cages. Mated females were housed individually during gestation and lactation, in solid floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel mesh lids and softwood flakes.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum (a pelleted diet (Rodent 2018C Teklad Global Certified Diet, Harlan Laboratories U.K. Ltd., Oxon, UK))
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 ± 2
- Humidity (%): 55 ± 15
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

IN-LIFE DATES: between 17 July 2012 (first day of treatment) and 31 August 2012 (final necropsy)

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

arachis oil

Details on oral exposure:

The test item was administered daily by gavage using a stainless steel cannula attached to a disposable plastic syringe. Control animals were treated in an identical manner with 4 mL/kg of Arachis oil BP. The volume of test and control item administered to each animal was based on the most recent scheduled body weight and was adjusted at regular intervals.

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The volume of test and control item administered to each animal was based on the most recent scheduled body weight and was adjusted at regular intervals.

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): test material is soluble in arachis oil.
- Concentration in vehicle: 12.5, 62.5 and 250 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 4 mL/kg bw

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Samples of each test item formulation were analysed for concentration of the test material by HPLC. The results indicate that the prepared formulations were within ± 4 % of the nominal concentration.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

daily for up to seven weeks (pregnant females were allowed to give birth and maintain their offspring until day 5 post partum. The malles were killed on day 43).

Frequency of treatment:

The test item was administered daily.

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
50, 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: 14-day oral range-finding in rats, where NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw was established (Harlan Laboratories, 2012 Project No. 41200906)

Positive control:

No

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes

- Time schedule: All animals were examined for overt signs of toxicity, ill-health and behavioural change immediately before dosing, soon after dosing, and one and five hours after dosing, during the working week. Animals were observed immediately before dosing, soon after dosing, and one hour after dosing at weekends and public holidays (except for females during parturition where applicable). All observations were recorded.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Individual body weights were recorded on Day 1 (prior to dosing) and then weekly for males until termination and weekly for females until mating was evident. Body weights were then recorded for females on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 post coitum, and on Days 1 and 4 post partum.

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes

During the pre-pairing period, weekly food consumption was recorded for each cage of adults until pairing. This was continued for males after the mating phase. For females showing evidence of mating, food consumption was recorded for the periods covering post coitum Days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-20. For females with live litters, food consumption was recorded during the lactation period (Days 1-4).

- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes (as g/rat/day)

Weekly food efficiency (body weight gain/food intake) was calculated retrospectively for males and for females during the pre-pairing phase. Due to offspring growth and milk production for lactation, food efficiency for females could not be accurately calculated for females during gestation and lactation.

WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily ((with the exception of the pairing phase).

HAEMATOLOGY: No

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No

URINALYSIS: No

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

OTHER: Reproductive and developmental parameters (see section 7.8.1)

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
Adult males were killed by intravenous overdose of a suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 43. Adult females were killed by intravenous overdose of a suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 5 post partum. Any females which failed to achieve pregnancy or produce a litter were killed on or after Day 25 post coitum.

For all females, the uterus was examined for signs of implantation and the number of uterine implantations in each horn was recorded. This procedure was enhanced; as necessary, by staining the uteri with a 0.5 % ammonium polysulphide solution.

All adult animals, including those dying during the study, were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.
The epididymides and testes were removed from terminal kill adult males dissected free
from fat and weighed before fixation.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
Histopathology:
Samples of the following tissues were preserved from all animals from each dose group, in buffered 10 % formalin, except where stated:
Coagulating gland
Prostate
Epididymides♦
Seminal vesicles
Gross Lesions
Testes♦
Ovaries
Uterus/Cervix
Mammary gland (females only)
Vagina
Pituitary

♦ = preserved in Bouin’s fluid then transferred to 70 % Industrial Methylated Spirits (IMS) approximately forty-eight hours later

All tissues were despatched to the Test Site for processing. The tissues from control and 1000 mg/kg bw/day dose group animals, any animals dying during the study, and any animals which failed to mate or did not achieve a pregnancy were prepared as paraffin blocks, sectioned at a nominal thickness of 5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin for subsequent microscopic examination. In addition, sections of testes and epididymides from all control and 1000 mg/kg bw/day males were also stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain and examined.

Since there were indications of treatment related kidney changes, examination was subsequently extended to include similarly prepared sections of kidney from animals from the low and intermediate groups.

Microscopic examination was conducted by the Study Pathologist.

Other examinations:

Reproductive performance and litter observations (see section 7.8.1)

Statistics:

Where considered appropriate, quantitative data was subjected to statistical analysis to detect the significance of intergroup differences from control; statistical significance was achieved at a level of p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed on the following parameters:
 
Body Weight, Body Weight Change, Food Consumption during gestation and lactation, Water Consumption during gestation and lactation, Pre-Coital Interval, Gestation Length, Litter Size, Litter Weight, Sex Ratio, Corpora Lutea, Implantation Sites, Implantation Losses, Viability Indices, Offspring Body Weight, Offspring Body Weight Change, Offspring Surface Righting, Absolute Organ Weights, Body Weight-Relative Organ Weights.
 
Data were analysed using the decision tree from the ProvantisTM Tables and Statistics Module as detailed below:
 
Where appropriate, data transformations were performed using the most suitable method. The homogeneity of variance from mean values was analysed using Bartlett’s test. Intergroup variance were assessed using suitable ANOVA, or if required, ANCOVA with appropriate covariates. Any transformed data were analysed to find the lowest treatment level that showed a significant effect, using the Williams Test for parametric data or the Shirley Test for non-parametric data. If no dose response was found, but the data shows non-homogeneity of means, the data were analysed by a stepwise Dunnett’s (parametric) or Steel (non-parametric) test to determine significant difference from the control group. Where the data were unsuitable for these analyses, pair-wise tests was performed using the Student t-test (parametric) or the Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric).

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

no effects observed

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

revealed mottled kidneys, enlarged kidneys and/or pale kidneys in males (all dose groups) and

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

hyaline droplets accumulation in proximal tubules, tubular degeneration and regeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules, granular casts in the inner portion of cortex and medulla, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY

There were no toxicologically significant clinical signs detected in treated animals. Animals of either sex treated with 1000 and 250 mg/kg bw/day and males treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day showed episodes of increased salivation from Day 11 onwards. Observations of this nature are commonly observed following the oral administration of an unpalatable or slightly irritant test item formulation and in isolation is considered not to be of toxicological importance.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN

There were no toxicologically significant effects detected in body weight development. Males treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant increase in body weight gain during the final week of treatment. An increase in body weight gain is considered not to represent an adverse effect of treatment therefore the intergroup difference was considered not to be of toxicological importance.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE

No adverse effect on food consumption or food efficiency was detected in treated animals when compared to control animals.

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study)

No toxicologically significant effect on water consumption was detected. Males treated with 1000 and 250 mg/kg bw/day showed an increase in overall water consumption compared to control animals. Females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day also showed an increase in water consumption throughout maturation and gestation. Observations of this nature are commonly observed following the oral administration of an unpalatable or slightly irritant test item formulation and in isolation the intergroup differences were considered not to be of toxicological importance.

ORGAN WEIGHTS

There were no treatment-related effects on absolute or relative organ weights. Statistical analysis of the data did not reveal any significant intergroup differences.

GROSS PATHOLOGY

All males treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day had mottled kidneys, seven of which also had enlarged and pale kidneys, one male also had enlarged kidneys and one male also had pale kidneys. One female treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day had pale kidneys. Seven males treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day and one male treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day had mottled kidneys. No such effects were detected in females treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC

Kidneys: Males from all treatment groups showed treatment-related lesions characterized by hyaline droplets accumulation in the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubules, tubular degeneration and regeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules, granular casts in the inner portion of cortex and medulla, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration. The severity of the lesions was dose-proportional. It is likely that the degenerative / regenerative and inflammatory lesions were secondary to the hyaline droplet accumulation in the cytoplasm of the tubular epithelium. In females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the nature of the kidneys lesions was different. Tubular vacuolation of the proximal portion was evident in two females and in one of these females which was affected more severely; it was associated to a minimal single cell necrosis of the epithelium.

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

other: kidney effects at the highest dose level.

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1.        Incidence and Mean Severity Grade of Kidneys Findings
	Males				Females
Group	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Animals and Tissues Examined	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Tub.Degen/Regenerat.	0	6	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mean Severity	0	1.2	2.2	3.5	0	0	0	0
Mixed Cell Infiltration	1	0	8	10	1	0	0	2
Mean Severity	1.0	0	1.8	2.6	1.0	0	0	1.0
Interst. Fibrosis	0	0	7	10	0	1	0	0
Mean Severity	0	0	1.6	2.5	0	1.0	0	0
Tubular Basophilia	1	1	0	0	3	0	1	3
Mean Severity	1.0	1.0	0	0	1.0	0	1.0	1.3
Hyaline Droplets	1	10	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mean Severity	1.0	1.6	2.7	3.6	0	0	0	0
Granular Casts	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Mean Severity	0	0	1.9	2.8	0	0	0	0
Hyaline Casts	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Mean Severity	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.0
Tubular Vacuolation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Mean Severity	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.5
Tub. Single Cell Necrosis	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Mean Severity	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.0

Grading:

Grade 1 = Minimal Grade

2 = Slight Grade

3 = Moderate

Grade 4 = Marked

No treatment-related effects were detected in the reproductive organs examined.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

The NOAEL of 250 mg/kg bw was established for females. Excluding species specific effects (kidney degeneration as the result of hyaline droplets accumulation in tubulis) in males, which are not relevant for humans, the systemic NOAEL for males is 1000 mg/kg bw.
The test item ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ is virtually the same as the registered substance ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’. The only difference between those two UVCB substances is that one of the used raw materials (alkanethiol) has a diversity in the C-range, i.e. on the one hand a tert. C12-alkanethiol is used in the manufacturing process, on the other hand a tert. C9. Hence, based on the (structural) similarity of both substances it can safely be concluded that the results can be safely transferred to the registered substance ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’.

Executive summary:

An Oral (gavage) reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in the rat was performed in order to investigate potential adverse effects of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol on reproduction including offspring development (OECD 421, Harlan Laboratories, 2013). The test item was administered by oral gavage to three groups, each of ten male and ten female Wistar Han™:RccHan™:WIST strain rats, for up to seven weeks (including a two week pre-pairing phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation for females), at dose levels of 50, 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. A control group of ten males and ten females was dosed with vehicle alone (Arachis oil BP). Clinical signs, body weight change, dietary intake and water consumption were monitored during the study. Pairing of animals within each dose group was undertaken on a one male: one female basis within each treatment group on Day 15 of the study, with females subsequently being allowed to litter and rear their offspring to Day 5 of lactation. During the lactation phase, daily clinical observations were performed on all surviving offspring, together with litter size and offspring weights and assessment of surface righting reflex.Adult males were killed by intravenous overdose of a suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 43. Adult females were killed by intravenous overdose of a suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 5 post partum. Surviving offspring were terminated via intracardiac overdose of sodium pentobarbitone. Any females which failed to achieve pregnancy or produce a litter were killed on or after Day 25 post coitum. For all females, the uterus was examined for signs of implantation and the number of uterine implantations in each horn was recorded. This procedure was enhanced; as necessary, by staining the uteri with a 0.5 % ammonium polysulphide solution (Salewski 1964, cited in the study report). All adult animals and offspring, including those dying during the study, were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.Any female which did not produce a pregnancy was terminated on or after Day 25 post coitum. All animals were subjected to a gross necropsy examination and histopathological evaluation of reproductive tissues was performed.

There were no unscheduled deaths and toxicologically significant clinical signs detected in treated animals. Body weight development, food and water consumption were unaffected. Regarding reproductive performance, no treatment-related effects were recorded on mating and conception rates. There were differences in gestation length. The distribution for treated females was comparable to controls. The gestation lengths were between 22 and 23 ½ days for each group. The following parameters of litters born were comparable to controls: litter size, body weight gain and litter weights and sex ratio at birth and subsequently on Days 1 and 4 post partum. The surface righting reflex of the live offspring (Day 1 post partum was also comparable to controls and no clinically observable signs of toxicity were detected.

At necropsy,males treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day had mottled kidneys, seven of which also had enlarged and pale kidneys, one male also had enlarged kidneys and one male also had pale kidneys. One female treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day had pale kidneys. Seven males treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day and one male treated with 50 mg/kg bw/day had mottled kidneys. No such effects were detected in females treated with 250 or 50 mg/kg bw/day. There were no treatment-related effects on absolute or relative organ weights. Statistical analysis of the data did not reveal any significant intergroup differences. At the histopathological evaluation, the following treatment related microscopic abnormalities were detected in the kidneys: males from all treatment groups showed treatment-related lesions characterized by hyaline droplet accumulation in the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubules, tubular degeneration and regeneration of the proximal convoluted tubules, granular casts in the inner portion of cortex and medulla, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration. The severity of the lesions was dose-proportional. It is likely that the degenerative / regenerative and inflammatory lesions were secondary to the hyaline droplet accumulation in the cytoplasm of the tubular epithelium. In females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the nature of the kidneys lesions was different. Tubular vacuolation of the proximal portion was evident in two females and in one of these females which was affected more severely; it was associated with a minimal single cell necrosis of the epithelium.

In conclusion, the oral administration of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol to rats by gavage, at dose levels of 50, 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day, resulted in treatment related microscopic kidney effects in males from all treatment groups and in females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. No such effects were detected in females treated with 50 or 250 mg/kg bw/day.

Therefore, the “No Observed Effect Level” (NOEL) for systemic toxicity is 250 mg/kg bw/day in females. In males, the kidney effects detected in all treatment groups were considered to represent an adverse effect of the test item, therefore a ‘No Observed Adverse Effect Level’ (NOAEL) has not been established in the male rat. However, the kidney changes of hyaline droplets were consistent with well documented changes that are peculiar to the male rat in response to treatment with some hydrocarbons (Alden 1986, Hard, 2008, cited in the study report). This effect is, therefore, not indicative of a hazard to human health. In the context of this study, the remaining kidney findings consisting of tubular degeneration/regeneration, granulated tubular casts, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration in males are more likely to be correlated to the same condition as hyaline droplets and are therefore considered to represent limited relevance to humans. In terms of extrapolation to man and risk assessment calculations whereby effects relating to male rat renal changes are species and sex specific and therefore are not relevant, a NOAEL for males can be established at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOEL for reproductive toxicity and regarding neonatal toxicity was 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

The read-across from the test item to ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’ is scientifically justified and so the determined NOAELs are directly transferrable to the registered substance.